Friday, December 27, 2019

Aristotle Living a Human Life/Human Nature - 1638 Words

Aristotle Ââ€" Living a human life/human nature Aristotle was a man of philosophy, science, and mathematics. He used these three tools to explain what he thought the purpose of being a human being was, and just what being a human being entailed. To describe what a human being was, he came up with many theories, which involved friendship, happiness, and human nature. He also believed that not everyone was a perfect human, meaning, there were things an individual must do throughout his or her life to achieve becoming a Good person and ultimately becoming a happy person. Throughout this paper, I will be explaining what a full human life really is and then critiquing some of Aristotles beliefs about human nature. I may agree or disagree†¦show more content†¦Aristotle said that there is an ultimate end in life, and that is the act of contemplation and the understanding of the known universe. I have to disagree with Aristotle here because I am not a person that believes that there is just simply an end and that is it. Wh ile it is definitely good to aim for greatness and achieve ultimate happiness, saying that you got to the end of the road, and that you are finished is not good enough for me. Human beings always encounter new situations or events every single day of their life. Life is too unpredictable to just have an end as Aristotle describes it. We get thrown new ideas, new people, tragedies, and new ways of thinking or perspectives on life nearly every day of our lives. To me, not having an end is what drives human beings to excel. The feeling that there is unlimited potential out there, that an individual can always and forever improve or better themselves is something I think that our species truly lives for. I do agree with Aristotle in the fact that wisdom is a great virtue to possess, because life is just a series of experiences that we learn and take from all of our lives, making it an obviously big part of a persons life, so it does in fact make sense that he believed that wisdom was such a greatShow MoreRelatedAristotle And Hobbes : A Comparison Of Human Nature1641 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle and Hobbes: A Comparison of Human Nature Theory Aristotle and Hobbes present two fundamentally distinct doctrines about the conception of politics, human affairs, and the nature of man. Specifically, both philosophers express vying interpretations of human nature. Even though Aristotle and Hobbes similarly use their understanding of human nature to conceptualize their politics, they both express differing views about the aims for which they believe human beings act and exist. In a ratherRead MoreAristotles Balance of Eudaimonia880 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle’s balance of Eudaimonia Aristotle, the son of Nicomachus(Aristotle), known as ‘the philosopher, was born in 384 B.C.E, in a small city named Stagira in northern Greece. During his lifetime, he studied variety of subjects and brought knowledge to all aspects (Blackburn). He viewed that as a human, a subject who’s determined goal is to reach virtue and Arà ªte, is connected with nature and its balance (Golden Mean). Aristotle also viewed a good life as political questions. He analyzed thatRead MoreReconciling The Divergence Of The Nature Of Man Between Classic And Modern Thinkers1425 Words   |  6 PagesReconciling the Divergence of the Nature of Man between Classic and Modern Thinkers Within Book 2 of Plato’s work The Republic, Socrates’ companion Glaucon describes the tale of the ring of Gyges, challenging Socrates on the nature of man. Within the ring of Gyges scenario, Glaucon posits that when an individual has the power granted by a ring of absolute invisibility that grants impunity, â€Å"no one [†¦] would be so incorruptible that he would stay on the path of justice or stay away from other people’sRead MoreAristotle s Views On Ethics1616 Words   |  7 Pages(intro) Aristotle was a Greek philosopher whose writings have carried on well past his life, and have held an influence across the world, throughout time periods, and are intensely debated to this day. Following his treatise on Ethics, Aristotle turned his attention to Politics, in which he claimed, â€Å"it is evident that the state is a creation of nature, and that man is by nature a political animal;† [1] a bold statement that encompasses the whole of a species. However, Aristotle’s assertion thatRead MoreEstrangement: Political Philosophy and Good Life Essay868 Words   |  4 Pages132 December 5, 2005 Unessentially Estranged Chapter two of Glenn Tinders, Political Thinking: The Perennial Questions on estrangement and unity asks us whether we as humans are estranged in essence. This question really sets the tone for the rest of the book, because if humans are estranged then we would not be living together in societies, therefore not needing political science to answer such questions that deal with societies. As Tinder describes it, politics is the art of reconcilliationRead MoreThe Nature of Man as Political Animal Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesa man is by nature a political animal because he can reason and communicate with others, therefore, has the potential to alter or change his living conditions for better because he can recognize the difference from right or wrong. Aristotle is proposing that a man with reason has to base his approach towards politics on the fundamental concept of good for human beings. However, based on the evaluation of modern politics, we can conclude that the idea of poli tics aiming at the human good has diminishedRead MoreMan As A Political Animal1293 Words   |  6 Pagesargue that by describing man as a political animal, Aristotle means human beings by nature are designed to live together in a community such as state(polis) for a common purpose and activity. I will first of all examine the original phrase â€Å"zoÃ… n politikon†, which is conventionally translated from old greek as a â€Å"political animal†. Having established what these words have meant at the time of writing, it would be most appropriate to see how Aristotle himself tries to explain what he means by this expressionRead MoreHappiness and Moral Value956 Words   |  4 PagesHappiness and Moral Virtue In Aristotles Nicomachaen Ethics, the principle concern is the nature of human well-being. According to Aristotle, everything we do in life, we do for the sake of some good, or at least something perceived to be good (1094a1-3). When inquiring as to whether there is some good desired for its own sake, Aristotle envisioned a problem that either there is an infinite series of goods desired for the sake of something higher, in which case ones desires can never be satisfiedRead MoreThe Human Function as It Pertains to Happiness Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe Human Function as it Pertains to Happiness Humans have a function, according to Aristotle, and so it would follow that fulfilling that function makes us happy. Before we can establish that fulfilment of purpose results in happiness, we must first establish what the human function actually is, and also what constitutes good and happiness for humans. Aristotle’s arguments for happiness and human purpose help to provide answers to these questions, though as with all philosophical topics there areRead MoreThe Well Being Aristotle And Human Happiness1000 Words   |  4 PagesOur Well-Being: Aristotle and Human Happiness What is the purpose of a human being? â€Å"Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence† (Nicomachean Ethics). When one thinks about happiness, these words said by Aristotle allow us to understand its significance. Through Aristotle’s teachings, he made it clear that the point of life is to be happy. Aristotle uses the word happiness as having to do with a person’s life as a whole, and not as the constant desire

Thursday, December 19, 2019

World War I Essay - 1474 Words

World War I:Total War Europe since pre-Roman times has been marked by conflict. Warring tribes often did battle in small skirmishes and hand-to-hand combat. But as the civilizations grew and technology improved the battles became larger and much more intense. With the Industrial revolution, warfare would change forever. This can be best seen in World War One. The â€Å"war to end all wars† gradually escalated to a global conflict, dragging the super powers into a four year struggle. World War One brought many new and horrible inventions to the participants both at the front, as well as at home. There are many reasons why World War I was so much different than all the past conflicts. For one thing, it was the first time in almost†¦show more content†¦They try to compare the duty of serving in the army as the right thing to do. And dying for your country is the best possible way to die. Another undertone present in the poetry is a deep hatred toward the other side. In Ernest Lissauer’s poem â€Å"Hymn of Hate† there is an obvious dislike toward the English (Wiesner, Ruff, and Wheeler, 300). Lissauer repeatedly points out the English are the only one they hate and Germans all hate them together. These attitudes of enthusiasm and hate added the total disillusionment of all the people fighting and encouraging the war. In examining sources about the soldiers fighting along the front, a common theme appears. Often the situation describes death and destruction. This is evident in the writings on the front-line by Henri Barbusse. Barbusse gives an excellent look about the true tales of World War I. He describes the land around the fighting as hell; with twisted humans and earth scattered all about. He goes on further explaining the futility of charging towards the enemy’s position. The confusion and loss of life running toward a storm of bullets is best captured in these real life, trench stories. In Erich Maria Remarque’s book All Quiet on the Western Front, the German side of the trench life. All in all the same type of death and destruction is evident. Remarque describes the awful conditions facing the collapsing German Army. He tells of the doctors making woundedShow MoreRelatedThe World War I Is War1653 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War I is war famous for European natio ns fighting against themselves. It began to take shape when countries like France and Germany beginning to form their own allies. It all started with the powerful Austria-Hungary wanted to have Serbia as part of their own empire. However a group of Serbian nationalists known as Black Hands dislike the idea. So they wanted to send a message to the Austria-Hungary government by killing Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Gavrilo Princip, member of the Black Hands,Read MoreWorld War I And The Great War1249 Words   |  5 PagesWhenever you come across World War I, don’t you ever deeply think about how it all started? Who would have known that just 2 pulls of a trigger could have triggered a demoralizing World War? World War I, also known as â€Å"The Great War,† was a war that primarily took place in Europe. It officially started on the 28th of July in 1914 and it unexpectedly lasted until the 11th of November in 1918 (about 4 years). The most predominant countries that fought i n this war include Great Britain, France, RussiaRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1325 Words   |  6 PagesAnnie Poll Period 3 AP European History Free-Response Essay 31 March, 2016 World War I is often called â€Å"The Great War†. This was because it was the first war to affect such a large geographical area and involve so many countries. These countries’ governments had complicated relationships with each other and even the people who they governed. This war was largely unavoidable because of these complicated relationships and diplomacies. The first example of these relationships were the onesRead MoreWorld War I Changed The World1115 Words   |  5 Pages21 million more had serious injures. World War I changed many lives around the world as eight European countries as well as the United States, fought against each other and formed allies. It the beginning, it was meant to be the war that ended all wars. This Great War was unlike any war before; there was new technology such as tanks and machine guns, as well as new tactics such as trenches and war at sea. The physical geography affected the outcome of the war in great measures, both on land and seaRead MoreThe Great War Of World War I2218 Words   |  9 PagesEven though ‘The Great War’ ended over 100 years ago, people are still arguing about how it all started. Beginning in 1914, and involving over 30 countries, World War One was the first major war to impact the world. Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Serbia could all be considered factors that helped rise World War One. Before the war, countries faced many internal and external conflicts, leading to rising tensions and concern across Europe, and later the world. Out of the many nations who participatedRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1829 Words   |  8 PagesWorld War One has been constantly referred to as a watershed point in the history of the Western world. Argue this position by drawing on examples from political, economic and cultural spheres. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. More than 9 million soldiers and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war.It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, paving theRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War2006 Words   |  9 PagesWorld War I, also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused byRead MoreThe First World War I1305 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Schartner U.S. History 2 AP/IB 19 October 2015 Unit 3 Notebook Essay The First World War fought from 1914 to 1918 was one of the largest and most brutal catastrophes fought in the 20th century. With nearly the entire European continent fighting a barbaric and everlasting war, the U.S. had eventually to get involved in order to reinitiate stability to Europe. Ultimately, the U.S. taking involvement in World War I had a profound political, economic, and social impact on the country. It increasedRead MoreWorld War I ( Wwi )959 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I (WWI) had many main events from 1914 – 1918. It was known as the Great War and the war to end all wars. It also introduced us to many new technology to including Barbed wire, machine guns, artillery, poison gas, airships, aircraft s, new naval vessels and tanks. All these wartime machines and equipment resulted in unprecedented carnage and destruction, with more than 9 million soldiers killed by the end of the war. This First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in EuropeRea d MoreThe Legacy Of World War I962 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I the first of its kind would mark an entire generation; could what today is known as the lost generation have been avoidable or was President Woodrow Wilson just prolonging the inevitable by his neutrality. The following will guide you through a brief outline of the WWI and how one man s justifications sent an entire nation to war. Woodrow Wilson, a man with questionable motives when speaking in terms of neutrality during World War I. Was Wilson’s neutrality an attempt to spare the

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Supply Chain Management Financial Supply Chain

Question: Discuss about theSupply Chain Managementfor Financial Supply Chain. Answer: Introduction Supply chain management is the management of good and services that comprises the movement of these raw materials from the initial point to the point of consumption. It is basically the interlinked network where all the raw materials are first acquired then it is converted into the goods which can be usable and then at last it is delivered to the consumers with the help of distribution systems. Supply chain management is a crucial part of any business and it is important for the success of the company and the satisfaction of the customers. This management increases the customer service and reduces the operation costs by decreasing the purchasing and production cost. Supply chain management also helps in improving the financial position as it increases the profit leverage and decreases the fixed assets (Urquhart, 2006). Supply chain management also helps in increasing the cash flow in a business and is the pillar of an organization that helps in managing the issues that an organization is facing and directly or indirectly affecting the corporate strategy. Other importance of supply chain management is it helps in reducing the inventory costs, and helps in maintaining the trust between two partners. It even provides the manufacturing strategy and improves the quality of the products. Most of the successful companies are today relying on supply chain management and through this they are achieving the competitive advantage in the market (Gattorna, 2006). Mainly companies are doing the supply chain management to boost the customer service as this management has a huge impact on the customers as it makes sure that the right product with right quality is delivered on right time. Companies also use supply chain management to improve the bottom Line. Most of the firms value this management as it decreases the usage of large fixed assets like the plants, warehouses and the transport vehicles that are used in the supply chain. Cash flow in a firm also gets reduced because if delivery of products is accelerated then the profits will be high. The objective of the company that uses supply chain management is to ensure the long term benefits and these benefits are enjoyed mostly by the firms that have large inventories and large number of suppliers. Firms that have customers with large purchasing budgets also benefit the most. Basic reason that company uses supply chain management is to save the cost and to coordinate the resources in a best way possible. Supply chain management also reduces the bullwhip effect that occurs through the process integration, better production method and less safety stock in the organization. The basic elements of supply change management that company uses is purchasing, operations, distributions and integration. Main objective of supply chain management is to supply the merchandise that is produced and distributed in the right quantity, to the right location and most importantly at the right time so that system cost can be minimized, customer is satisfied, global competition is gained and further standardization is improved. References Gattorna, J. (2006). Supply Chains are the Business. Supply Chain Management Review. Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 42-49. Urquhart, H. R. (2006). Managing the Financial Supply Chain. Supply Chain Management Review. Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 18-25.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Procurement Management

Added value that effective Procurement activities can have to a company or organisation An organisation requires human and physical resources for an effective business operation. Supply chain management is a strategic planning, control and monitoring of processes involved in the material delivery in a company for production of goods and services. Its main aim is to ensure that the end customer gets constant supply of final goods as per their expectations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procurement Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Procurement is part of supply chain management with the role of ensuring that a company gets materials from the most efficient supplier at an appropriate cost. It also ensures that materials and machinery for production are available in the right time at an appropriate quality and quantity. With an effective procurement strategy, a company is bound to benefit. The role of pro curement department extends from procuring for raw materials, machineries, office suppliers to developing an effective procurement process (Karp, 2005). This paper analyzes the benefits that effective Procurement activities can have on an organisation. Procurement Since the late 1990’s procurement has become an important concerns of different business both in service and product industries. Companies are deploying experts in supplies and purchasing in their efforts to ensure they benefit from an effective procurement logistics. In modern globalized economies, international trade has taken preference giving companies the freedom to procure from different parts of the world. This calls for an extension of procurement department roles as it has to consider international logistic matters. It would be misleading to state that there is an effective procurement method that can be applied to all business set up and yield good results. Each business is superior in its own ways and so do the procurement strategies and mechanisms. However, there are common procedures that must be taken for an effective procurement (Ketchen and Hult, 2006). The diagram below shows a standards procurement system:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chart 1 The above diagram shows basic steps involved in a procurement process, each process has its role in the entire process. In case of a failure in one area, then the entire system is likely not to be effective. It involves three major department or sections which are stakeholders they are technical division which is mostly involved in researching the market and prices of various materials. The procurement and contracting department consumes information from the technical team and makes the final decision. The supplier is the heart of the process as he conclude the entire procedure. After a successful procurement, data is collect ed for future procurement decisions. With the growth of the procurement sector, a number of procurement companies offering outsourcing services have emerged, the major decision that a company should make is whether it will manage the systems centrally or locally or it should outsource these services (Khoo, Bainbridge, Spedding and Taplin, 2001). Whichever the option, a well managed procurement department and processes are beneficial to accompany in the following areas: Quality maintenance and value management The quality of a company’s products and services is subject to materials used in the production. If procured goods are of high quality, then the final products are likely to be of high quality. According to 4ps of marketing mix as developed in 1960 by a marketing expert called E J McCarthy, the quality of a company’s product determine the successes and competitiveness of a company’s product in local and international markets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procurement Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Maintaining an effective procurement department ensures that there are materials and other inputs required in production at the right time in an appropriate cost. When appealing for customers to buy ones brands, the quality of the products is of importance, quality is measured by the level of utility that a product gives to the buyer. At any one time, the quality of product should be high enough that it can satisfy the expectation of customers. Centralisation and having a full department that thinks and gets to the market to collect purchasing data will go a long way in ensuring that a company gets goods at an appropriate cost. Market forces keep adjusting the prices of commodities due to demand and supply forces. A robust procurement department will be in touch with changes in the market for better decisions. The success of Nokia phone can be attributed t o its high quality products that keeps changing with the needs of the environment (Kouvelis, Chambers and Wang, 2006). Green supplies and company success Industrialisation, town development and increased population have brought about environmental damage; consumers are getting more interested in environmental conservation. They are increasingly becoming aware and concerned about conservation of the environment; they are more willing to trade with those companies that produce environmentally friendly products through environmentally friendly processes. With an effective procurement department, is going to analyze the prevailing condition in the market and make decisions that are responsive to the needs of customers. Procurement department is responsible for developing a green supply chain management; it undertakes internal and external audits to ensure that products and processes are environmentally friendly. It also ensures that goods are produced at minimal or no pollution and the final products do not pollute the environment. When well procured, a company can procure products that can be recycled for environmental conservation. Numerous advantages accrue to a company when it produces via environmentally friendly processes and products. To have an environmentally friendly production, the process starts with procurement of machineries used in production and the materials to be used in production. A company that produces such goods enjoys an increased customer base and favour from environmental policies activities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, the success of Starbucks have been attributed to its strong environmental conservation has lead to its success in its hospitality industry. The process adopted by the company emanates from procurement department where it ensures that a company gets good from farmers that using an appropriate technology (Larson and Halldorsson, 2004). Procurement and building a strong brand name It is the dream of every company to develop and retain a strong brand name. A company with a strong brand name benefit from customer loyalty, minimization of marketing risks, positive responses to changes in prices, and brand-extension. It is also a strong marketing and self-advertising tool. To fight competition, a company needs to create a close attachment between customers and the company’s products. Products are the results of a manufacturing process that initially starts with procurement. Consumers are willing to be loyal to those companies whose processes and products meet their need . When procuring, procuring team ensures that, they have the expectation of the customer in mind. This will ensure that the company has a continued supply of customers for an increased profitability. Toyota Company has maintained the leadership in the automobile industry because of a strong brand name (Manul and Mentzer, 2008) Procurement leads to good Supplier relation For an effective production, a company needs to maintain good relation will all its stakeholders. To develop good business relationship with suppliers, procurement department plays an important role. It ensures that orders are procured in the right time and payments to suppliers effected as per the contract of supply. When a company has good customer-supplier relation, it is likely to get goods at a better price and adequate and reliable market data from suppliers for strategic decision-making. For example when prices of goods are likely to fall, suppliers may have the information, thus when there are good relations, they will pass the information to the company to control its purchase of raw material. Information is power thus when there are adequate supplies information, a company is able to make decisions which are responsive to changes in the market. Starbucks has maintained a good relation with its suppliers has ensured the company has constant supply of goods and services. Procurement assists in maintaining adequate working capital Working capital is the operating finances at the disposal of a company at one particular point to be use finance different expenses. It is the through operating capital that a business can take advantage of opportunities. It is the difference between current assets and current liabilities; it assists in smooth operation of business. To have a positive working capital calls for management of debtors and creditors (Peltz, 2010). Procurement department assists a company to maintain its creditors at a minimum rate; credit policy adopted in a company is crucial in m aintaining a positive working capital. It is the role of the procurement department to ensure that it has a well-managed credit balance to meet the double goals of paying suppliers in time and maintaining a positive working capital (Hokkaido Electric Power Co., 2010) With the assistance of procurement department, the company will be able to take advantage of opportunities in created by the market and mitigate against negative effects of suppliers power. The success of Apple Electronic Company is vested in it adequate working capital; it is able to take advantage of changing technological needs (Fugate, Mentzer and Stank, 2010). Just in time supply mechanism A procurement system assists a company to save on costs of warehousing; a system of efficiency and effectiveness in the procurement system leads to just in time supply mechanism. A just in time supply system ensure that a company gets materials at the right time for an effective production without necessarily holding stock of mat erials (Fugate, Mentzer and Stank, 2010). To have an effective just in time supply system, the procurement department ensure that only goods required in production are procured for and they will be supplied in an effective time. It considers the lead-time of supplies; in times of boom, a company requires more materials that time of low production. Despite having a just in time policy, the company will adjust effectively to changes in demand of materials. A just in time supply means that at any one point in time, the company is has adequate supply at a minimal costs. The costs saved by a just in time system include, saving on warehousing costs, stock maintenance costs and handling costs. The reduced cost reduces the cost of production for a company thus, it can sell its products relatively cheaper than companies can in the same industry (Fred, 2008). Formation of an integrated supply chain management Procurement is a major department in the formation of a supply chain system. Supply chain system is a multi objective decision involving internal and external players procurement is the heart of the system. With invention of computers, integrated supply chain and logistic systems has been developed; for an effective integrated system, the inputs of the procurement department. It provides the developers with information necessary to create lead-times, reorder level and quantity ordering levels. (Darnall, Jolley and Handfield, 2008). An following diagram interpolates an integrated supply chain system; Chart 2 It involves integrating all systems in an organisation for an effective collaboration among different departments. Certain lead-time and reorder levels are maintained to assist in making decision on the amount and timing of an order. Procurement department maintains a pool of data and information regarding suppliers and the product they offer. They also have various credit policies operated by different suppliers thus making a decision on the right supplier at a particular point considering the internal liquidity and needs of good is facilitated. In modern free market, more than one supplier offers different packages for the same goods can supply goods, an effective procuring department will scrutinize and place an order to the customer who supplies goods at an appropriate cost, quality and can be reliable. All this information is with the procurement department thus it assists in making the right decision on whom to procure (Creswell, 1998). Procurement assists in international procurement contracts International trade and globalisation has facilitated the purchase of materials from international market. Although the underlying principle is the same like that implemented in local purchasing, there are special factors that need to be put into considerations. When buying internationally, customs logistic of importing and exporting country should be well understood to ensure that the company operates within the law and understands all costs involved in international procurement. It is the role of procuring department to ensure that it advices the company on such issues appropriately to facilitate the logistics (Cooper, Lambert and Pagh, 1997). Some areas that it needs to advise as far as international procurement is concerned include custom laws, duties, rules of origin, trading blocs and any incentives offered by the government to facilitate such trade. A company without an effective procurement system might make international procurements ignoring monitoring and control policies put in place by a country; alternatively, it may fail to benefit from trade facilitation policies set by national or international bodies. Mearsk limited is successful in international logistic company by understanding international customs laws (Burns, 2000). Procurement and continuous flow of goods For production to occur there is need for raw materials and machinery. To have a continuous supply of goods a company needs to have an effectiv e procurement system. It will guarantee the company and ample supply of raw materials when they are needed in the production plants. When a company has a smooth flow of goods to the market, customers gets confidence with the brand of products, this increases consumer loyalty and preferences. When developing a strong brand, products should be available to customers when they need them, this can only be effected if procumbent department ensures that production plants are well fed with materials they require to meet the expectation of the customers (Balnaves and Caputi, 2002) Procurement and waste management Waste management has been a problem in industries; it can be controlled by using appropriate technology and materials in production. Procurement department undertakes the role of procuring for machinery of the right technology and materials that are likely to produce minimal wastes. Sometimes a company has the option of using materials that can be recycled; procurement department h as the role of ensuring the materials and machinery used emit minimal waste as a process of waste management (Hsu, Tan, Kannan, and Keong, 2009) In rather an indirect way, procurement can order for goods form companies whose system of production are environmentally friendly. When this is done, then the company will be assisting in preserving and managing the environment. Although the benefits from such an angle may not be immediate, they will be felt in the future. Honda Motor Company has benefited in the market because of its effective waste management system; this has assisted the company produce its products at a lower cost. Conclusion For an effective and continuous production, a company needs to maintain a reliable procurement department. It ensures that there is continuous supply of materials and machineries required for production, at an appropriate cost and of the right quality and quantity. When an effective procurement management is maintained, a company gains competitive advantage. The effects of an effective procurement department is felt in the following areas waste management, green supplies, just in time supply, cost management , management of working capital and developing good suppliers-company relationship. It adds value to a company in form of financial gain, reputation and smooth flow of functions. References Balnaves, M. and Caputi, P., 2002. Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods: An Investigative Approach. London: Sage. Burns, R.B., 2000. Introduction to Research Methods. London: Sage. Cooper, M.C., Lambert, D.M. and Pagh, J., 1997. Supply Chain Management: More Than a New Name for Logistics. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 8(1), pp. 1–14. Creswell, J., 1998. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Darnall, N., Jolley, G. and Handfield, R., 2008. Environmental management systems and green supply chain management: complements fo r sustainability?. Business Strategy the Environment, 17(1), pp. 30-45. Fred, D., 2008. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Fugate, B., Mentzer, J. and Stank, T.,2010. LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE: EFFICIENCY, EFFECTIVENESS, AND DIFFERENTIATION. Journal of Business Logistics, 31(1), pp. 43-62. Hokkaido Electric Power Co., Inc., 2010. FLOW CHART OF STANDARD PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES. Web. Hsu, C., Tan, K., Kannan, V. and Keong, G., 2009. Supply chain management practices as a mediator of the relationship between operations capability and firm performance. International Journal of Production Research, 47(3), pp. 835-855. Karp, H. R.,2005. Green suppliers network: Strengthening and Greening the manufacturing supply base. Environmental Quality Management, 15(2),pp. 37-46. Ketchen, G. and Hult, T.M., 2006. Bridging organization theory and supply chain management: The case of best value supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, 25(2),pp. 573-580. Khoo, H . H., Bainbridge, I., Spedding, T. A. and Taplin, D. R.,2001. Creating a Green Supply Chain. Greener Management International, 2(35), pp.. 71-78. Kouvelis, P., Chambers, C. and Wang, H., 2006. Supply Chain Management Research and Production and Operations Management: Review, Trends, and Opportunities. Production Operations Management, 15(3), pp 449-469. Larson, P.D. and Halldorsson, A., 2004. Logistics versus supply chain management: an international survey. International Journal of Logistics: Research Application, 7(1), pp 17-31. Manuj, I. and Mentzer, J., 2008. GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT. Journal of Business Logistics, 29(1), pp 133-155. Peltz, E., 2010. Logistics: Supply Based or Distribution Based? Web. This essay on Procurement Management was written and submitted by user Konnor Mclaughlin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Ontario Childcare Licensing Day Nurseries Manual an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Ontario Childcare Licensing Day Nurseries Manual Introduction Children are blessings and they need to be well taken care of especially during their early years of life. Many parents are normally worried about their children once they attain the school going age. Parents normally have so many fears concerning the childrens new environment since they know very well that their children will interact with very new people. These fears are greatly related to the sanitation practices in nursery schools. The other fear is normally in relation to administration of medication to the children. There is also the aspect of behavior management in children. Need essay sample on "Ontario Childcare Licensing Day Nurseries Manual" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed A look at Ontario childcare licensing day nurseries manual shows that there are various policies and procedures that deal with behavior management, sanitary practices and administration of medication. These policies and also procedures dealing with the children act as guidelines which stipulated how the children should be treated in terms of their sanitation, their administration as well as their medication. This paper is dealing with these policies and procedures. Thus the behavior management in all the nursery schools is very important. (Rudolf, 2000) Behavior management Before one starts working with children in nursery schools every member of staff, student and volunteer is required to sign a policy of behavior management. This policy agreement is significantly important since it guides the people interacting with the children in the nurseries handle the children in the acceptable manner. This normally includes various issues that are of great importance while handling the children. First of all, this policy says that no form of corporal punishment is allowed on the children in any time whatsoever irrespective of the childrens misbehavior. According to the Day Nurseries Act, corporal punishment includes slapping, grabbing, biting, pinching, shaking, pushing and hitting. All these acts or behavior practices are not allowed in schools and there are consequences which would follow any person who cares for the children and applies the corporal punishment on them. The Day Nurseries Act ensures that the child is actually totally protected from any existing harm in their environment. According to the Act, humiliation of the child is not allowed from the childs caregivers especially in the school environment. This includes degrading the children and making them feel lesser that their fellows, teasing and also using abusive language on the children, taunting the children and also being sarcastic on the children. If any of the above listed humiliating actions are done on the children either physically or verbally then they are against the Day Nurseries Act. It is not allowed to confine a child in a room alone as it is not safe. This policy states that a child should not be deprived of the basic needs whatsoever while in school they should be allowed to freely have their needs met such as the provision of food, clothing and also shelter. These basic needs are virtually important for the children and therefore their teachers have to adhere to this. The Ontario childcare licensing day nurseries manual has the behavior management policy that clearly has guidelines as to the behavior that we should have towards the children. This means that at any instance should never be used as a form of punishment to the child. This includes the threats during lunch time or during snack. This helps to ensure that children always have access to these basic needs because they are very essential for their growth. The behavior management policy states teachers or volunteers have to ensure that access to liquids has always to be available to the child. Liquids in this case include water and juice among others. This are also very essential as many children always feel thirsty when they are in school whether they are in class or when they are outdoors playing. (Rudolf, 2000). Similarly according to the Act the children should not be put in a position where they are forced to eat excessive excessively. Children should thus be allowed to eat only that which can satisfy them and they should not be threatened and also forcefully told to eat their food. The behavior management policy also requires that a child should not be reprimanded in any way just because he or she failed to use the toilet. This means that a child should not be punished for this reason. This helps to protect the child and help the child to freely tell their seniors when they have the need of using the toilet. On the other hand if the child is reprimanded for not using the toilet then the child may develop a lot of fear and they will not be free when it comes to the toileting issues. The behavior management policy also states that a child should never be reprimanded or rather punished just because he or she has failed to fall asleep during the time that he or she should rest. This means that the child should be told on the importance of sleep and why it is very needful for them to sleep. This is a practice that many teachers can easily do so the policy is really against it. The policy requires that when an adult observes any mistreatment on a child, he or she must report the incident immediately. It is illegal for a child to receive any form of mistreatment from their caregivers as well as their teachers in the school environment. In case this happens it can then be reported to the supervisor of the center. This is actually a legal responsibility. In case any violation occurs then the supervisor in charge of the center has to review the whole contravention with the person who is involved. The supervisor then has to outline the necessary and acceptable methods that are required. In case of intentional harm on a child then the person who is involved has to be dismissed immediately from the centre. Administration of medication According to the Day Nurseries Act, medication given to children has to be in its original container. The container has to be labeled with the childs name. The label also has to include name of the medication, the date that it was purchased and clearly show the instructions concerning the dosage. By properly labeling the childrens medications the teachers in the school environments avoid any form of accidents which would occur when the children are given the wrong prescriptions. This should also include how the medicine needs to be stored. The Ontario Licensing Day Nurseries manual indicates that any form of medication that has to be given to a child must be prescribed by a doctor. This helps to protect the child from being given wrong prescriptions by the teachers or even volunteers. Medicines should also be kept out of the reach of the children. This would similarly help in reducing the number of accidents which occur in the children that are caused by the wrong storage of any medication. According to medication procedures, it is a requirement that graduated instruments need to be at hand at all times. These should be at least one dozen and also be the clear type of instruments. It is a requirement that a graduated instrument has to be used at all times when medication is being administered. (Rudolf, 2000) The Ontario childcare licensing day nurseries manual requires that when medication is being administered, in no instances should household equipment be used. These include household spoons. This is important as it helps to prevent any wrong measurements of the drugs or medicine that is administered to the child. Just in case any changes are required concerning the medication that is being administered to the child, then both the staff member and the parent have to sign and also indicate the specific changes and the dates that the changes were made. This helps a great deal in avoiding situations where a child is being given to different types of drugs when he or she should just be taking one of them. Just in case an accidental administration of medication is done then a call has to be placed to the poison control center whereby the necessary remedies will be advised to the teacher and the parent. According to the administration of medication procedures, it is a requirement that all medication has to be stored in a locked medicine cabinet. This is to help avoid accidents or incidences where children access medicine and take it without the consent of the teacher. This is very dangerous and can lead to serious health problems in the affected children. Children in nursery school going age are very curious and can easily access medicine if stored within their reach. Medication creams on the other hand do not have to be stored in a container that is locked. They still have to be kept out of childrens reach. In case there is any accidental administration of medication, it has to be reported to the supervisor and recorded too for any further reference. If this happens the Ontario childcare licensing day nurseries manual requires that the childs parent has to be notified immediately. That is why the staff needs to keep the records of each child well including the parents contacts so that they can easily be notified in such incidences. (Rudolf, 2000) It is a requirement that designated staff members have to administer medication when in the presence of another member of staff. Both of them have to sign the medication form. This helps to easily locate the people who administered the medication in case need arises. The medication form signed has to include the measurement of the medication and the administration. In the case of medication creams, a designated staff member will administer them to the child and then sign the medication form showing that the medication was administered. It is not a requirement that another staff be present when medication creams are being administered. All these medication procedures have to be adhered to by staff and parents of nursery school going children. This is according to the policies and procedures found in Ontario childcare licensing day nurseries manual. Similarly proper directions should also be followed when it comes to any administration of medication on the children and this should be done by only these people who have been granted such authority. Sanitary practices Sanitary practices are very important especially when taking care of small children. A look at the policies and procedures of Ontario licensing day nurseries manual shows that various sanitary procedures have to be adhered to by nursery schools. One of the requirement is that a school supervisor has to ensure that there are sufficient or enough sanitary facilities. These include ensuring that there is running water and also enough toilets in the schools. This helps to maintain the required standards of cleanliness. The staff and the children have to wash their hands before taking meals. There has to be a teacher to ensure that the childrens hands are clean before they take their meals. It is also a requirement that the rooms used for studying by students have to be cleaned on a daily basis. This includes dusting all the surfaces that are in the classroom. Cleanliness is highly emphasized when dealing with children such that the children should not be subjected to any form of unhygienic practices. The sanitary procedures require that the toilets have to be clean always so that the children do not get diseases like cholera, bilharzias among other diseases. It is a requirement that parents get for their children more than one pair of uniform or clothes that they can change in case the ones that they are wearing are soiled. The utensils that are used by children have to be cleaned regularly and rinsed with clean water. (Rudolf, 2000)Another aspect that is illustrated in the day nurseries act is sanitation in relation to food handling. All the food that is prepared in nursery schools has to be very clean. The staff on duty has to ensure that the food prepared is handled with the required standards of cleanliness. This helps to prevent children from getting diseases like cholera easily. It is a requirement that the water provided to children has to be well treated so that it is clean enough for consumption. Similarly clean water is a very basic requirement when it comes to dealing with children. This means that the children should not be exposed to unsafe water sources such as the leakages from the water sewers. Such exposure could cause a lot of harm to the child in terms of their health. Food like meat that is cooked for children has to be examined by a qualified veterinary doctor. This has to be done and the doctor should sign a form showing the date of checking and the results of the tests done. Every nursery school has to ensure that there are enough caretakers of the children while they are in school. All these sanitary procedures have to be adhered to. (Rudolf, 2000) Conclusion According to the policies and procedures in Ontario childcare licensing day nurseries manual, nursery schools have to adhere to all the policies related to medication, behavior management and sanitary practices. According to the day nurseries Act, humiliation of the child is not allowed. This includes degradation, teasing, taunting, and sarcasm done either physically or verbally. Thus the children should receive proper treatment from their care givers and they should not be made intimidated in any way by their superiors. This policy says that no form of corporal punishment is allowed in any time whatsoever. According to the Day Nurseries Act, corporal punishment includes slapping, grabbing, biting, pinching, shaking, pushing and hitting. All these acts or behavior practices are not allowed in schools. Similarly the children should not be exposed to any form of intimidation in the nursery school setting. The Ontario Licensing Day Nurseries manual indicates that any form of medication that has to be given to a child must be prescribed by a doctor. One of the requirement in relation to sanitary practices is that a school supervisor has to ensure that there are sufficient or enough sanitary facilities. These include ensuring that there is running water and also enough toilets in the schools. All these policies and procedures help to ensure the well being of the child. Reference: Policies and procedures (2007) Rudolf, M. (2000): Ontario Childcare Licensing Day Nurseries manual; New York; Macmillan Press

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Euclid Essays (765 words) - Foundations Of Geometry, Euclid

Euclid Essays (765 words) - Foundations Of Geometry, Euclid Euclid Euclid is one of the most influential and best read mathematician of all time. His prize work, Elements, was the textbook of elementary geometry and logic up to the early twentieth century. For his work in the field, he is known as the father of geometry and is considered one of the great Greek mathematicians. Very little is known about the life of Euclid. Both the dates and places of his birth and death are unknown. It is believed that he was educated at Plato's academy in Athens and stayed there until he was invited by Ptolemy I to teach at his newly founded university in Alexandria. There, Euclid founded the school of mathematics and remained there for the rest of his life. As a teacher, he was probably one of the mentors to Archimedes. Personally, all accounts of Euclid describe him as a kind, fair, patient man who quickly helped and praised the works of others. However, this did not stop him from engaging in sarcasm. One story relates that one of his students complained that he had no use for any of the mathematics he was learning. Euclid quickly called to his slave to give the boy a coin because he must make gain out of what he learns. Another story relates that Ptolemy asked the mathematician if there was some easier way to learn geometry than by learning all the theorems. Euclid replied, There is no royal road to geometry and sent the king to study. Euclid's fame comes from his writings, especially his masterpiece Elements. This 13 volume work is a compilation of Greek mathematics and geometry. It is unknown how much if any of the work included in Elements is Euclid's original work; many of the theorems found can be traced to previous thinkers including Euxodus, Thales, Hippocrates and Pythagoras. However, the format of Elements belongs to him alone. Each volume lists a number of definitions and postulates followed by theorems, which are followed by proofs using those definitions and postulates. Every statement was proven, no matter how obvious. Euclid chose his postulates carefully, picking only the most basic and self-evident propositions as the basis of his work. Before, rival schools each had a different set of postulates, some of which were very questionable. This format helped standardize Greek mathematics. As for the subject matter, it ran the gamut of ancient thought. The subjects include: the transitive property, the Pythagorean theorem, algebraic identities, circles, tangents, plane geometry, the theory of proportions, prime numbers, perfect numbers, properties of positive integers, irrational numbers, 3-D figures, inscribed and circumscribed figures, LCD, GCM and the construction of regular solids. Especially noteworthy subjects include the method of exhaustion, which would be used by Archimedes in the invention of integral calculus, and the proof that the set of all prime numbers is infinite. Elements was translated into both Latin and Arabic and is the earliest similar work to survive, basically because it is far superior to anything previous. The first printed copy came out in 1482 and was the geometry textbook and logic primer by the 1700s. During this period Euclid was highly respected as a mathematician and Elements was considered one of the greatest mathematical works of all time. The publication was used in schools up to 1903. Euclid also wrote many other works including Data, On Division, Phaenomena, Optics and the lost books Conics and Porisms. Today, Euclid has lost much of the godlike status he once held. In his time, many of his peers attacked him for being too thorough and including self-evident proofs, such as one side of a triangle cannot be longer than the sum of the other two sides. Today, most mathematicians attack Euclid for the exact opposite reason that he was not thorough enough. In Elements, there are missing areas which were forced to be filled in by following mathematicians. In addition, several errors and questionable ideas have been found. The most glaring one deals with his fifth postulate, also known as the parallel postulate. The proposition states that for a straight line and a point not on the line, there is exactly one line that passes through the point parallel to the original line. Euclid was unable to prove this statement and needing it for his proofs, so he assumed it as true. Future mathematicians could not accept such a statement was unproveable and spent centuries looking for an answer. Only with the onset of non- Euclidean geometry, that replaces the statement

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Social Imperialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Imperialism - Essay Example The introduction of social imperialism was formerly understood in the late nineteenth century when socialists and the lower-class movement became partners in imperialism. Its foundation has been related to the misery of the 1870s and early 1880s and efforts by regimes to recover economic losses as simultaneously exasperating labor agitation and socialist. Advocates of imperialism like Joseph Chamberlain and Jules Ferry; justified it by reasoning that the fruits of the kingdom would financially support social reform, give solution for the stagnation and unsteadiness of mid-nineteenth-century European economies and improve the dilemma of the poor—â€Å"the cry of the business population,'† ‘n’, Ferry's words--by having the funds for steady employment making goods for confined colonial markets. Hobson demystified such points of view: overseas investment whether in official colonies or informal areas of influence. He disputed exhausted capital from European-dom estic financial system. More contemptuous politicians such as Bismarck merely appealed to regal â€Å"crisis ideology,† using abroad military adventures and a focal point on outside enemies to distract attention from the deficiencies of economic arrangements and domestic politics. Benefitting the pursuit of kingdom enabled the German country to put off the democratization of political supremacy.Perhaps since, unlike Britain, France was in short of a substantial informal kingdom in the mid-nineteenth century.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Management - Essay Example Motosuzhou is looking for technical and training opportunities from developed countries such as US. However, the negotiation failed as the negotiation teams failed to come on common grounds due to communication and trust issues. This case study aims to discuss the dissimilarities between both the cultures and how this impacted the negotiation process. Furthermore, this case study would move on to evaluate the reasons for the failure of the negotiation team and how this was impacted by the composition of the team. In the end, the case study would provide strategic alternatives and recommendations for this particular case. What are the main characteristics of Chinese culture? How do they differ from the predominant characteristics of U.S culture? How do these differences relate to the negotiation process? Chinese culture is a culture quite different from that of the American culture. Chinese culture relies on eastern values and traditions while the American culture is more modernized a nd relies of western values. Often these cultures come at a clash with each other due to the inherent differences in the way people within these cultures interact (Lee, Yang and Graham, 2006). The concept of Guanxi is very important for the Chinese. It relates to the building of a network within the business circle. This relationship is built upon mutual obligations that are not necessarily spoken among the people but these obligations are implied and known. Guanxi is developed usually among the Chinese people and foreigners are not included within this network due to cultural and language differences. The Guanxi is a powerful tool among the Chinese to develop trust among each other and to get the job done with minimal issues. In the case of negotiating with foreigners such as the Americans, Guanxi is not present. This means that the negotiation process lacks one of the basic elements and this makes negotiation considerably difficult (Pye, 1982). Trust is also another aspect of the Chinese culture. The Chinese must trust the other person they are dealing with before they sign an agreement with him. Trust is cultivated by spending time together and by belonging to the network. However, the Americans take on a direct approach. They use the law as a means of dealing with untrustworthy people. In the negotiation process, the Chinese take on a slower approach to negotiation as compared to the Americans (Tung, 1982). The Chinese is formal culture as opposed to the informality found within the American culture. The formality within relationships does not imply that the Chinese are pretentious or false. In the Chinese culture, expressing one’s emotion on the face is considered impolite behavior and thus the Chinese have a method of masking their emotions of hurt, anger, frustration behind a mask of neutrality. The Americans on the other hand, are forthcoming with their emotions and they believe in direct expressing of their emotions. While the Americans rely on direct words to convey their message, the Chinese are usually subtle in expressing their thoughts and opinions (Ghauri and Fang, 2001). In a negotiation process, the Americans go about by laying down the basic principles and demands. Once these demands and principles are acknowledged, they move on to the next phase of the negotiation process. In the Chinese culture, people wish to develop mutual understanding and trust before beginning the negotiation p

Sunday, November 17, 2019

In what ways are the state and the law patriarchical institutions Essay

In what ways are the state and the law patriarchical institutions - Essay Example regarded an embodiment of strength and knowledge, they were inclined to be in charge of the social structure to which, in olden times, left women practically incompetent over men. Holy scriptures that date back two thousand years ago illustrate how women were thought to be of no essence. 1 Timothy 2:16 â€Å"I permit no woman to teach or have authority over men. She is to keep silent.† The supremacy of a Patriarchic society extends far beyond the realms of: sexuality, family units, employment and employment compensations, male-on-female hostilities, edifying associations, and the state. (eSSORTMENT, 2002) When society began to depict the roles of men as heads of nations and kingdoms, pioneers of expeditions and discoveries, brave heroes of war, engineers of technology and infrastructure, great thinkers and philosophers, etc., it unconsciously instilled prejudicial thoughts -- that there exists an inferior gender, the female gender. (Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, 2008) A State is a defined group of people, living within defined territorial boundaries and more or less subject to an autonomous legal system exercising jurisdiction through properly constituted courts; (Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, 2008) We have mentioned how men were able to superintend the social structure several thousand years ago given the perception of his intelligence to lead, ability to provide for the family, and biological physique that exuded strength and courage. Historically, men were able to illustrate the relationships of superiority and inferiority in society such as master-slave, strong-weak, leader-follower, parent-child, masculine-feminine, patriarch-matriarch, etc. As the dominant figures or spheres in society, men were able to select principal or exceptional people to constitute authority or governance and thus, forming the state. With the existence of the state, laws of society were established which were inclined to be patriarchal in nature. The parameters of

Friday, November 15, 2019

Using Facebook to Create Identity

Using Facebook to Create Identity Facebook biography Introduction A Facebook biography is a form of identity mask. People can hide their defects what they do while others and deceive others about their real identity true self. Traditionally, people make friends with others who are around them. Nowadays, people send friend requests to random people on Facebook or get connected use available through other networks to increase their number of friends. Others might make befriend friends with those people they interact with online. Many friend requests are sent after making contacts in other areas of the Web online websites. However, most people rarely interact with the majority of their Facebook friends, thereby creating a dormant archive of relationships. Despite this, most people want to portray certain traits through their bios. The Facebook bios of celebrities and professionals are frequently searched. In his article Reflections in the Facebook Mirror, Aimee Lee Ball argues that Facebook users hide their identity through well-crafted bios. Using Facebook to hide Identity The need to hide information about oneself is motivated by the increased possibilities of revealing oneself to large groups of people. People hide their identities so they can be liked more. Facebook increases opportunities for communication and influences how like other types of communicative such as the phone and email are used. It is difficult to describe oneself in a few words as required in Facebook; this is the reason professionals some people with a long list of credentials find it stressful difficult to describe themselves. Many people want their biographies to be simple but to reflect their skills and abilities as much as possible approachability. They want to look accomplished, but not boastful. There are professionals who expose a lot of information in order to ensure themselves open and sincere. Most of them have taken professions that are characterized by too much fraud and insincerity. Moreover, people do not want to limit their access by being on the other side of the political or religious division. They will go to great extent to hide their religious and political affiliation. Sometimes, they will make complex depiction of themselves. Regarding religion, Facebook users will make descriptions that make them look normal and acceptable. People rarely state that they are atheist. Others, who present themselves as atheists, have something else to compensate this weak point. Some Facebook users do not like the idea of filling in their bio-data especially because they will be required to get out of their comfort zones. Consequently, they will give haphazard descriptions in the ‘religion’ and ‘politics’ sections. Disgruntlement towards Facebook bios may stem from a desire to keep some aspects private, and the need to escape bias (Boyd Ellison, 2007). Most descriptions are radical and are a sign of protest to the inclusion of these fields in the identity information. In the religion section, a description such as â€Å"I have given up on God and now just worship Oprah† may be protesting at the self-promoting attitudes that people have as they post their information. Facebook bios are a sign of self-adulation and self-satisfaction. Most people do not change their bios after changing their habits, due to things such as relocation. Others may not be experts at stating that what hobbies they actually have. But their association with a hobby reveals innermost desire to become or to achieve. Some professionals reveal more than aspirations; they go to great lengths to show that they did something unique such as attending Yale University or working for Bain Company. They feverishly flood their profiles with events, achievements and projects. Still, some Facebook users prepare their bio in a self-exploration manner. For instance, they may want to test their marketing and branding skills. Self-exploration can be taken in the form of fun. Individuals will play with words in order to appear as jovial and open-minded. Identity formation through a Facebook profile is arguably a rational process of self-deception. Some professionals hire individuals to manage their profiles and increase obscurity through writing and vocabulary (Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, Jung Venezuela, 2012). However, most of the Facebook users use well-crafted words to show that they are interesting and creative. Others may give detailed descriptions in an a ttempt to show non-allegiance to common beliefs and associations. These people tend to deceive themselves. For example, a friend of mine is obsessed with the idea of achieving fame through the use of social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. She uses Photoshop on all of photo to make her look prettier and those photos made her over ten thousand â€Å"friends† and â€Å"followers†. But friending people online is not a substitute for real friendship in real life. She doesn’t have many friends in school and the friends she got left her behind because her self-importance of being famous on the social media platforms. But eventually their mask will pull off at a certain point and people will find out who they really are. Depending on individuals, preparing a Facebook bio can be a threat as well as an opportunity. It needs to be brief and may consume hours to make it short and satisfactory. Those who succeed in writing a good bio tend to think of the proc ess as a copywriting exercise. Individuals who see opportunities in writing a bio tend to think of it as an introduction of them on the social network. They think that the bio is the merit for an audience to evaluate them and to decide whether they are worth their time. It is a rare chance for them to make a big impression. Many Facebook bios intend to show what a person does, rather than what a person is. Therefore, such bios comprise on actions and thus have resume-like descriptions of individuals. For instance, a classmate of mine who always posts photo of his designer clothes, luxuries and expensive food on Facebook or Instagram to make other people on the social media platform to think he is wealthy to gratify his vanity. But in real life, he always borrows money from other people and something he does not pay them back. The approach has also been incorporated in the portrayal of character. Rather than stating that, individuals have certain traits such as creativity or sociability, the bio references specific projects or activities that demonstrate those traits. There are people/professionals who help their friends or clients to prepare an appealing Facebook bio (Boyd Ellison, 2007). They tend to have three main ingredients: wit, focus, and evidence of polish. Wit means there’s a governing intellect behind the style while polish means there’s an element of authenticity. The things such people keep in secret, are like they do not define themselves as much as they are exposed to the public (Boyd Crawford, 2012). Firstly, people succeed in deceiving others through their attractive bios that do not reflect their true identities. Secondly, no one is willing to expose the questionable individuals who hide their real identities to deceive and are engaged in crime and misdemeanor. In particular, stalkers are rarely exposed. Facebook users tend to block the friends and strangers with questionable character or background to restrain their access to their profiles. However, they do not do enough to help others for escaping the stalkers, rapists and cons. In addition, many questionable individuals have tailored some keywords to attract the audience. Keywords are used by many Facebook users to specify that what individuals they are. As most social media bios are searchable to some extent, individuals tend to state specific positions or qualities so that they can be found easily. Many Facebook users cannot be measured on the basis of their self-evaluation. Most of the people cannot adequately state their level of competence in their respective positions. It is critical to evaluate them on a person-to-person basis or through their friends and former clients. Professionals also introduce new styles to personal descriptions so that they can appear creative and adventurous to explore. They want to raise their value proposition. Followers cannot determine the value a professional has unless they try his services. However, many professionals do not reveal cases or challenges that threaten, or may have threatened, to keep them out of business. They will not expose such hobbies that are uniquely theirs. Measuring someone through his own impression in person is achievable. A face-to-face meeting can reveal whether the person is familiar with their profession o r not. The discussion of their hobbies and interests can be involved in the meeting. Facebook users who have stated their real interests in their profiles will also give much detail about it. Frequent dealings with a person can reveal whether he has a fully rounded personality or if merely deceives people through their profiles (Boyd Crawford, 2012). For example, people who appear disorganized in their Facebook bio or profile are likely to be disorganized in real life. The intention of determining the real identity of a professional is to verify his identity and level of professionalism. If individuals are found, for example, to have different hobbies, their competence can be put in questioned. Facebook profiles should be changed if progress warrants it. While some people are evaluated by others in their timeline, taking care of some supporters may have their own personal interests. Conclusion A Facebook biography is a form of identity mask that people can wear to deceive others about their real identity. Facebook bios are a sign of self-adulation and self-satisfaction. Identity formation through a Facebook profile is arguably a rational process of self-deception. Most of the Facebook users cannot be measured on the basis of their self-evaluation as they have perfection in the art of deceiving others. Measuring someone through their own impression in person is achievable. In future, Facebook users may describe themselves in more complex terms than today; this may grow out because of the need unique and distinct appearance from others in an increasingly populous planet. References Boyd, D. and K. Crawford. (2012) Critical Questions for Big Data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication and Society: 662-679. Boyd, D. M. and N. Ellison. (2007)Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication: 210-230. Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, H. G., N. Jung and S. Venezuela. (2012)Social Media Use for News and Individuals Social Capital, Civic Engagement and Political Participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication: 319-336.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Deceptive Females of Homers Odyssey Essay -- Homer, Odyssey Essays

The Deceptive Females of Homer's Odyssey      Ã‚   Homer's Odyssey is probably the most famous and well-known epic of all time. This tale relates the adventures of the archetypal hero, Odysseus. Odysseus' long journey home takes him to many different places where he encounters many different monsters and creatures, but there are certain recurrent elements throughout. The most common themes in the Odyssey are forgetfulness, willingness to risk pain for pleasure, and sexual temptation.    When comparing the Sirens episode with Odysseus' other adventures, one can observe an emergence and repetition of these themes. The most obvious comparison that can be drawn between the Sirens episode and most other adventures is the theme of forgetfulness. The same idea is repeated in Odysseus' adventures with Calypso, Circe, and, most importantly, the Lotus-eaters. The Sirens are all knowing, beautiful creatures that attract men with their songs about the world, but those who give in and stop to listen can never leave. Fortunately, the Sirens are unable to draw Odysseus in because he has been forewarned by Circe and knows how to resist. "but melt wax of honey and with it stop your companions' ears, so none can listen." (12.47-48) Once he hears their song, he forgets about his homeland and wants to be set free so that he can listen to their song. "fastened me with even more lashings and squeezed me tighter." (12.196) Without... ..., Audiences, and Narrators in the Odyssey, Ann Arbor 1995. Felson-Rubin, Nancy.   Regarding Penelope: From Courtship to Poetics, Princeton 1994. Foley,   Helene "Penelope as Moral Agent," in Beth Cohen, ed., The Distaff Side, Oxford 1995., pp. 93-115. Graham,   A. J.   "The Odyssey, History, and Women,"   Princeton 1992 Griffin, Jasper. Homer on Life and Death, Clarendon Press. 1980. Homer.   Odyssey trans E V Rieu, Penguin Books. 1950. Katz, Marilyn Arthur.   Penelope's Renown: Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey, Princeton 1991. Lefkowitz,   Mary.   "Seduction and Rape in Greek Myth," 17-37. Schein,   Seth. "Female Representations and Interpreting the Odyssey," by pp. 17-27.   

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Environment degradation Essay

This is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources for instance water, soil and even air. In environmental degradation, the ecosystem is destroyed and wildlife undergoes extinction. There are many forms of environmental degradation that are of negative impact to agriculture. For instance, when habitats are destroyed, biodiversity is lost and natural resources are depleted. The environment is most affected as organisms which give it life are no more (Schertenleib, Forster & Belevi, n. d). The earthworms that enrich soil fertility are killed by soil pollution. This means that if earthworms are all eliminated, the soil will not be fertile. The degradation of the environment can occur naturally, or through human processes which includes different kinds of pollution. Areas of concern in the same concept are loss of rain forests, air pollutions and the ozone depletion. The marine environment is also affected. These kinds of pollutions are known to occur all over the world and the blame is on the people themselves for the activities they carry out. This has poisoned the planet’s oceans and even the remote areas. Major disasters like oil spills have ruined the local environment. All these hazards can be curbed by individuals by stopping the constant pollution of the environment. To some extents, different organizations have been formed to help rehabilitate locations that have been affected. One way to do this is urban agriculture. With urban agriculture, the environment can be conserved since the wastes from industries can be converted to be fertilizers in the farms around the cities. Statistical facts It is estimated that 50% of the world’s populations live in cities (UNFPA, 2007). In the cities, most populations settle there for various reasons such as studies and seeking for employment. As economic pressures mount, the urban population engages in urban agriculture as labor is available with large population in urban centers. The growing of crops and rearing of animals in the urban areas has become common. About 800 million people are involved in urban agriculture world wide and this has contributed to the feeding urban residents (Schertenleib, Forster & Belevi, n. d). It is definite that with food production or rather the general production of farm outputs, the city residents can get a plenty supply of food in their respective areas of residence. With large populations in the cities and with plenty food products from urban agriculture, there will not be any instance of food deficiency. Urban residents with low income spend between 40 percent and 60 percent of their income on food every year (RUAF, n. d). The only remedy to this is that these low income residents can start practicing urban agriculture to supplement the expenditures on food. If they participate in urban agriculture, they will be able to save up to 60% of their incomes at the end of each year (Neondo, 2003). The money they would have spent on buying food can be saved and used to develop other areas of the economy. This means a lot of to the growth of the economy of the particular country. It is expected that by 2015, about 26 cities in the world will have a population of 10 million or even more (FAO, n. d). To be able to manage these populations, countries are obliged to concentrate in urban agriculture because they have little choices left. It is therefore encouraged for urban dwellers to practice heavily on urban agriculture, with an objective of keeping the country away from food shortage come 2015(FAO, n. d). 2. The spectrum of urban agriculture and the function of relevant organizations Urban agriculture has some aspects that distinguish it from rural agriculture. One of them is the fact that it is integrated into the urban economic and ecological system. It is evident that urban agriculture is embedded in the urban ecosystem of which it interacts with. Such linkages involve using urban residents as laborers and the use of typical urban resources for instance organic waste as compost and urban waste water for irrigation. In urban agriculture, there is a direct link with urban consumers and direct positive and negative impacts on urban ecology (Amin, 2002). Urban agriculture is also characterized by being part of the urban food system and competing for urban land with other urban functions. It is also influenced by other urban policies and plans. Some of the organizations that influence urban agriculture both directly and indirectly are Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC), Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA), and the Resource Centers on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF Foundation)

Friday, November 8, 2019

Complete List of Crucible Characters

Complete List of Crucible Characters SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Who are The Crucible characters? What do they do and when do they show up in the play? Find out in this overview of the characters in Arthur Miller's The Crucible. In this article, I'll go over each of the Cruciblecharacters by name, pinpoint which act(s) each character appears in and/or is mentioned in, and briefly describe each character and what she/he does in The Crucible. Central Cast of The Crucible To start off with, I'll discuss the seven characters in The Crucible who are integral to the plot of the drama: John Proctor, Abigail Williams, Mary Warren, Giles Corey, Rebecca Nurse, Reverend Hale, and Elizabeth Proctor. For each of these characters, you'll get an overview of their relationships with other characters in the play, a short description of their personality, and a rundown of the actions they take throughout the play. John Proctor John Proctor is the central character whom the drama of The Crucible revolves around. This primacy is helped by the fact that he has relationships with many of the other characters in the play: Proctor is husband to Elizabeth Proctor, former (adulterous) lover of Abigail Williams, employer of Mary Warren, friend of Giles Corey and Francis Nurse (and by extension their wives), and not a fan (though not precisely an enemy) of Reverend Parris. Proctor is described by Miller as â€Å"respected and even feared in Salem,† having â€Å"a sharp and biting way with hypocrites† even though he â€Å"regards himself as a kind of a fraud† (p. 19) due to his affair with Abigail Williams. Act 1: We find out that Proctor had an affair with Abigail that he says he no longer wishes to continue. Proctor is skeptical of witchcraft and of Parris's claims of persecution and leaves shortly after Reverend Hale arrives at the Parris household. Act 2: Elizabeth and John discuss the events that have been happening in Salem; Elizabeth encourages John to tell the court what Abigail told him about the girls faking it, which triggers a discussion about John's affair with Abigail and his continuing guilt about it. Over the course of the act, Proctor becomes frightened of the power the girls have with their accusations, especially once his wife is arrested for witchcraft. Act 3: Proctor goes to court to fight the charges against his wife and dispute the veracity of the girls' claims; he eventually ends up being accused of witchcraft himself. Act 4: Tormented over whether or not to confess to witchcraft to save himself, Proctor ultimately ends up tearing up his signed confession and going to the gallows with what remains of his integrity intact. For a deeper exploration of John Proctor’s character traits and actions, read our character analysis of him. Abigail Williams Also Known As: Abby Williams Abigail is the niece of Reverend Parris and the cousin of Betty Parris. She also used to work as a servant with the Proctors, before she was sent away by Elizabeth Proctor for having an affair with Elizabeth's husband John. She is friends (or at least acquaintances) with Mercy Lewis and eventually becomes the ringleader of the "afflicted" girls (i.e. the girls who accuse people of being witches). Miller describes Abigail as "seventeen...a strikingly beautiful girl, an orphan, with an endless capacity for dissembling" (p. 8); in essence, he is calling her a pretty little liar. Act 1: Abigail is accused by her uncle of dancing in the woods (possibly naked) and of being soiled; she vehemently denies this, but when he leaves Betty wakes and accuses Abigail of drinking a potion to kill Elizabeth Proctor. Eventually, Abigail manages to get out of being punished by first accusing Tituba of forcing her to drink the potion and then appearing to confess her bewitching and accusing others of witchcraft. Act 2: We find out, first via Mary Warren and then via Ezekiel Cheever, that Abigail has accused Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft. Act 3: Abigail is questioned about faking her symptoms and denounces it as a lie; she then leads the girls in a hysterical display against Mary Warren when Mary tries to discredit them and succeeds in influencing Mary to abandon her testimony. Act 4: We hear from her uncle, Reverend Parris, that Abigail has run off with Mercy Lewis and some of her uncle’s money. For more about Abigail Williams and her role in The Crucible, read our in-depth discussion of Abby, and our analysis of important Abigail Williams quotes. Me? Accuse someone of witchcraft so I could marry her husband and run off with my uncle's money when that didn't work out? Whyever would you think such a thing? Mary Warren Mary Warren is a servant to John and Elizabeth Proctor and part of the group of girls accusing people of witchcraft. Described by Miller as "seventeen, a subservient, naà ¯ve lonely girl" (p. 17), Mary is motivated both by her desire to be a part of "the great doings in the world" (p. 20) and her fears of getting in trouble (whether with Abigail or the Proctors). Act 1: Mary shows up at the Parris household to confer with Abigail and Mercy about what's going on (since they were all dancing in the woods the night before). Act 2: Mary arrives back at the Proctors' slightly more confident due to her role in the court; she brings Elizabeth a poppet she made and both the Proctors news of what has been happening in Salem and reveals that she managed to stave off one accusation of witchcraft against Elizabeth (although it turns out that after Mary left, Elizabeth was accused again). After Elizabeth is arrested and taken away, Mary is yelled at by John Proctor and told she has to testify in court about how she made the poppet, stuck a needle in it, and gave it to Elizabeth. Act 3: Mary is bullied by John Proctor into testifying how there is nothing supernatural occurring in Salem. This ends up backfiring when she is accused of sending her spirit to torment the girls; eventually, Mary accuses Proctor himself of being a witch and returns to the fold of accusers. Discover more about Mary Warren’s role in The Crucible with our character analysis of her. Giles Corey Giles Corey is husband to Martha Corey and friends with John Proctor and Francis Nurse. A cantankerous old man who has no problem suing even his friends for perceived insults, Giles is described by Miller as "a crank and a nuisance, but withal a deeply innocent and brave man" (p. 38). Act 1: Giles wanders into the Parris house to find out what’s going on. He tells Reverend Hale that he thinks it’s weird his wife Martha reads all the time and that whenever she reads, Giles has trouble praying (conveniently omitting the information that Giles has just started to go to church more regularly and so naturally would have difficulty remembering his prayers). Act 2: Giles comes to the Proctors’ house along with Francis Nurse to report that both their wives have been arrested for witchcraft; he asks Proctor’s advice for what to do Act 3: Giles storms into court to try to prove his wife isn’t a witch. He ends up being condemned for contempt of court when he won’t name the person who told him that Putnam’s daughter accused George Jacobs of being a witch in order to be able to purchase George Jacobs’ forfeited land. Act 4: We learn via Elizabeth Proctor that Giles was pressed to death (with stones on his chest) since he refused to answer the accusations against him one way or another so his property would stay in his family. For a more detailed discussion of Giles Corey and what happened to him, read our dedicated Giles Corey character analysis. Rebecca Nurse Also Known As: Goody Nurse Rebecca is married to Francis Nurse. She is friendly with everyone in Salem except for Ann Putnam, whose concerns over her daughter Ruth Rebecca kind of brushes off in Act 1. Act 1: Rebecca comes over to the Parris household and tries to calm everyone down, saying it’s probably just girls being girls and not anything supernatural. When it becomes clear that everyone else wants to go ahead with the investigation of possible witchy causes for the girls’ behavior, she departs. Act 2: The audience learns from Francis Nurse that Rebecca has been arrested for the murder of Ann Putnam’s seven children who died in infancy. Act 3: The audience learns via Hale that Rebecca has been found guilty of witchcraft in court (p. 80). Act 4: Rebecca is saddened to learn that John is going to confess to witchcraft, then uplifted when he decides not to; they both go to the gallows together. For more discussion of the function of Rebecca Nurse in the play, make sure to read our complete analysis of Rebecca Nurse in The Crucible The Crucible. Reverend John Hale Reverend Hale is an "expert" on witchcraft, called in from Beverly by Reverend Parris as a precautionary measure (in case Betty Parris's affliction is supernatural in nature). Described by Miller at the beginning of the play as "nearing forty, a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual," (p. 30), Hale changes over the course of the play from an idealist who believes he has the power to root out the Devil to a disillusioned man who realizes he has added to a hysteria and caused the deaths of innocents. Act 1: Hale appears in response to Parris’s summons. Excited to use his specialized skills to hunt out the Devil, Hale ends up (inadvertently) pressuring Tituba into confessing until she names names. Act 2: Hale comes to the Proctors to check in on them, since he’s heard some disturbing things about them (John doesn’t go to church often, Elizabeth was accused of being a witch that day, etc); he quizzes John on his commandments and is upset/shocked to hear that the girls might be faking their fits and lying to the court. He seems conflicted (â€Å"in great pain†) but still unwilling to completely accept how thoroughly he’s screwed everything up (p. 68). Act 3: Hale ineffectually tries to stop the juggernaut he has set into motion; he now realizes that witchcraft isn’t as black and white as he thought because at least some of the accusations clearly stem from ulterior motivations and there's no evidence besides hearsay for convictions†¦but it’s too late. Storms off after Proctor is ordered to jail by Danforth (p. 1), denouncing the court and what it is doing. Act 4: Hale has returned to Salem to try to get the accused witches to confess and save their lives so he can feel less guilty/accumulate less blood on his hands. He does not succeed. Reverend Hale, by the end of The Crucible. Reykjavik statue/used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Elizabeth Proctor Elizabeth Proctor is married to John Proctor. Elizabeth dislikes Abigail Williams, likely due to the fact that John Proctor committed adultery with Abigail. While Miller does not give Elizabeth any specific stage direction descriptions they way he does with many of the other characters, we learn through various bits of dialogue that Elizabeth had been sick the previous winter (p. 61). Act 2: Elizabeth tries to urge her husband to go to town to tell everyone Abigail is a liar – first because it’s the right thing to do, then because she’s worried Abigail is going to accuse Elizabeth of being a witch in order to take her place in John’s life (and bed). She is disappointed that John met with Abigail alone and somehow failed to mention that detail to her, but is not allowed to defend herself because John’s internal guilt causes him to react angrily and volubly to her fears. Elizabeth accepts a poppet from Mary and tries to protect Mary from John’s wrath at Mary's having neglected her duties at home to go off to the court and accuse people of witchcraft. At the end of the act, Elizabeth is arrested and taken in after it’s revealed Abigail called her out as a witch (after Mary Warren and Hale left for the day) and she has that damning poppet with a needle stuck in it. Act 3: Elizabeth is brought into the court to confirm that Abigail Williams was dismissed from her position for sleeping with John Proctor, since John has boasted that Elizabeth never lies. In a crisis of faith, Elizabeth chooses to lie to protect her husband’s reputation; this unfortunately ends up having a negative effect as it undercuts John’s accusation that Abigail is accusing Elizabeth of being a witch in order to marry John. Act 4: Elizabeth is asked by Danforth and Hale to convince John to confess to save his life; instead, she basically just acts as a sounding board while John agonizes over what to do. She also tearfully confesses that John Proctor is the best and that she shouldn’t have judged him because only he can judge himself, and tells him that whatever he chooses is okay by her (p. 127): Do what you will. But let none be your judge. There be no higher judge under Heaven than Proctor is! Forgive me, forgive me, John- I never knew such goodness in the world! She covers her face, weeping. When Parris and Hale try to get Elizabeth to stop John after he’s torn up his confession and is on his way to the gallows, she does not, stating, â€Å"He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him!† (p. 134). Other Salem Residents in The Crucible Aside from the seven central Crucible characters listed above, there are also many other Salem residents who appear in this play. Whether they accuse others of being witches, are accused of being witches themselves, or are simply townspeople with an axe to grind against Reverend Parris, the characters below all contribute to move the action of the plot forward. Reverend Samuel Parris Reverend Parris is the father of Betty Parris, uncle of Abigail Williams, and minister of Salem. He is not portrayed in a positive light in this play, being described by Miller from the very beginning as someone who "cut a villainous path through history" who "believed he was being persecuted wherever he went." Through his actions and words, Parris "very little good to be said for him" (p. 3). Act 1: Parris is worried that Betty is sick, so he has called on Dr. Griggs for medical care and sent for Reverend Hale for spiritual care. He questions Abigail about her dancing in the woods with Betty and Tituba and discusses how he thinks there are people plotting against him and his fears about how people will perceive him if witchcraft is discovered under his roof. Act 3: Still self-important and petty, Parris accuses people who he perceives as a threat or who state they don't believe in witchcraft of lying or having "come to overthrow the court" (p. 82). Act 4: Parris asks Danforth and Hathorne to meet him in jail to discuss the dangers attendant on hanging well-respected members of the community like Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor. Parris explains that he and Hale have been praying with the convicted witches and hoping they'll confess; for Parris, this is because the people about to hang are influential and so their deaths might cause trouble for him. He also mentions that Abigail has disappeared and seems to have stolen his life savings, which prompts Danforth to call him "a brainless man" (p. 7). Parris also tells Danforth that he's been threatened as a result of his actions in the witch trials: â€Å"Tonight, when I open my door to leave my house – a dagger clattered to the ground† (p. 9), but Danforth does not seem to care. Betty Parris Betty is the ten-year-old daughter of Reverend Parris and cousin to Abigail Williams...and doesn't get much more of a character description/development than that. She is the third person in Salem to accuse people of witchcraft (after Tituba and Abby). Other than a brief time onstage in Act 3 (when she chants in unison with the rest of the witch-accusing girls), Betty is only onstage during the opening act of the play. During Act 1, Betty falls ill after dancing in the woods with Tituba and some of the other girls of the village (Abigail Williams, Mercy Lewis, Mary Warren, and Ruth Putnam). When she temporarily rouses from her stupor, Betty accuses Abigail of drinking a potion to kill Goody Proctor (p.18), before falling back into an inert state. Betty livens up again at the end of the act to chime in with her own hysterical accusations of witchcraft. Tituba In her forties, Tituba is Reverend Parris’s slave that he brought with him from Barbados. She is devoted to Betty (p. 7, p. 41) but possibly harbors some resentment against Parris that comes out in her "confession" of witchcraft (p. 44): TITUBA, in a fury: He say Mr. Parris must be kill! Mr. Parris no goodly man, Mr. Parris mean man and no gentle man, and he bid me rise out of my bed and cut your throat! They gasp. But I tell him â€Å"No! I don’t hate that man. I don’t want kill that man.† But he say, â€Å"You work for me, Tituba, and I make you free! I give you pretty dress to wear, and put you way high up in the air, and you gone fly back to Barbados!† Various townspeople (Abigail, Mrs. Putnam) seem to think that Tituba also can "conjure" spirits, which at some points it seems that Tituba herself may also believe ("Devil, him be pleasure-man in Barbados, him be singin’ and dancin’ in Barbados. It’s you folks – you riles him up ‘round here; it be too cold ‘round here for that old Boy. He freeze his soul in Massachusetts, but in Barbados he just as sweet...", p. 3). Act 1: Tituba tries to find out how "her beloved" Betty is doing, but Parris shoos her away; later, she is accused by Abigail of forcing the girls to do the Devil’s work. When pressured by Hale and Parris to confess and give the names of those who are abetting her, Tituba eventually does by naming Goody Good and Goody Osburn (the two women Putnam had previously suggested as witch candidates). Act 4: Tituba is in the jail with Sarah Good, acting as if she very much believes in the Devil. She and Goody Good are hustled out by Herrick to make way for the judges. Susanna Walcott Susanna works for Doctor Griggs and is described by Miller as "a little younger than Abigail, a nervous, hurried girl" (p. 8). Eventually, she joins in with Abigail, Betty, Mercy, and Mary as the "afflicted girls" who accuse others of witchcraft. Act 1: Susanna tells Reverend Parris that Doctor Griggs is concerned Betty’s illness is supernatural in origin (p. 9). Act 2: Susanna has become part of the group of accusers; is one of the people Mary Warren says would’ve witnessed Mary sewing the poppet in court (p. 72). Act 3: Susanna joins in with Abigail and Mercy in accusing Mary Warren of bewitching them via Mary’s bird-shaped spirit (p. 107). steve p2008/used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Mercy Lewis Mercy is a servant to the Putnams and seems to be the particular caretaker of Ruth. She also appears friendly with Abigail Williams (which makes sense, as they were dancing in the woods together) and contemptuous of Mary Warren. Mercy is described by Miller as "a fat, sly, merciless[get it, get it, because her name is MERCY yet she shows no mercy]girl of eighteen" (p. 16). Act 1: Mercy has come to the Parris house to find out what’s going on. She gets to confer with Abigail about getting their stories straight about what happened in the woods (since Mercy was apparently running around naked in the woods) before she's sent away to get Doctor Griggs for Ruth. Act 3: Mercy is one of the girls in court who accuses Mary Warren of bewitching them via Mary’s bird-shaped spirit (p. 106). Act 4: Parris says that he believes Mercy has run away with his niece, Abigail Williams (p. 6). Mrs. Ann Putnam Also Known As: Goody Putnam, Goody Ann Ann Putnam is wife to Thomas Putnam and the mother of the afflicted Ruth (who we never see onstage) and seven other dead children (who we also never see onstage - because they're dead). There appears to be some friction between her and Rebecca Nurse, possibly because Rebecca Nurse has many living children and grandchildren while Ann only has the one child; it also seems that Rebecca may have chided Ann in the past for not being up to snuff (p. 36): Let God blame me, not you, not you, Rebecca! I’ll not have you judging me any more! Miller further describes Ann as being â€Å"a twisted soul of forty-five, a death-ridden woman, haunted by dreams† (p. 12). So clearly the woman has some issues. Act 1: Ann comes to the Parris household to find out what’s going on and report that her daughter is being afflicted by something possibly supernatural. She knows that the cause of her daughter's illness is something supernatural because she sent her daughter to Tituba to find out (via supernatural means) who murdered Ann’s other seven children in infancy. Ann is ready and willing to believe any explanation for why her children died except that it was natural causes (understandable for a grieving mother). She seizes eagerly upon Tituba’s saying that Goody Osburn was a witch, saying, â€Å"I knew it! Goody Osburn were midwife to me three times. I begged you, Thomas, did I not? I begged him not to call Osburn because I feared her. My babies always shriveled in her hands!† (p. 44). Thomas Putnam Thomas Putnam is husband to Ann Putnam and father of the afflicted Ruth. Described by Miller as "a well-to-do, hard-handed landowner, near fifty" (p. 12) and "deeply embittered" with "a vindictive nature" (p. 14), Putnam has quarrels with nearly every major (male) character who appears onstage in this play. He dislikes Francis and Rebecca Nurse (since their family helped block Putnam’s candidate for minister), Reverend Parris (since he got the job instead of Putnam’s brother-in-law), John Proctor (because he is chopping down wood that Thomas Putnam believes rightfully belongs to him), and Giles Corey (because Corey accuses him of conspiring with his daughter Ruth to kill another man for his land). Act 1: Putnam urges Parris to investigate possible supernatural causes of Betty’s (and his daughter Ruth’s) ailments. Miller intimates (via stage directions) that Putnam doesn’t necessarily believe in witchcraft – he just is looking for a way to gain power and/or make Parris do something dumb that he can then exploit: â€Å"at the moment he is intent upon getting Parris, for whom he has only contempt, to move toward the abyss† (p. 14). Act 3: Putnam briefly shows up in court to say that Giles’ accusations against him are a lie (p.89). Francis Nurse Francis is the husband of accused witch Rebecca Nurse and friends with Giles Corey and John Proctor. Francis is described by Miller as "one of those men for whom both sides of the argument had to have respect," although "as he gradually paid for [the land he'd originally rented] and raised his social status, there were those who resented his rise" (p. 24). Basically, Francis is seen as a fair and upstanding citizen of Salem, although there are some who resent his social-climbing. Through one of Miller's character essays, we learn that Francis is part of the faction that opposed Thomas Putnam’s candidate for minister of Salem (p. 24), which led to bad feelings between the two families (that may have motivated the accusations of Rebecca as a witch). Act 2: Francis lets the Proctors know his wife’s in jail and charged with supernatural murder (p. 67). Act 3: Francis appears in court to present evidence of the girls’ fraud jointly with John Proctor and Giles Corey (p. 80); brings a petition signed by neighbors attesting to his wife’s good name that is then used by the court as a source for arrest warrants, much to Francis’s horror (p. 87) Sarah Good Also Known As: Goody Good The first woman to be accused of witchcraft in Salem, Sarah Good is described by Elizabeth Proctor as â€Å"Goody Good that sleeps in ditches† (p. 58). Act 1: Thomas Putnam floats her name as a possible witch (p. 43); Tituba then picks up on this priming and names her as a co-conspirator (p. 44), followed shortly by Abby (p. 45) Act 2: Mary Warren reports that Sarah Good confessed to attacking the girls supernaturally and so won’t hang; also, Sarah is pregnant at age 60. Act 4: The first (and only) time Sarah Good appears onstage is at the beginning of this act: she is hanging out with Tituba in the jail, acting a little crazy, and seeming to see the Devil. It's unclear whether she thinks the Devil is real or if she’s just playing along at this point because she doesn't have anything to lose and won't be hanged since she's confessed and is pregnant. The Court Officials Besides the general residents of Salem, The Crucible also has the characters involved in the â€Å"legal† part of the witch trials and the â€Å"justice† system. Ezekiel Cheever Cheever was originally an â€Å"honest tailor† (p. 69) but by the time of his appearance in the play (in Act 2) has become â€Å"a clerk of the court† (p. 68). Elizabeth that he "knows [John Proctor] well" (p. 50), but by the time of the trials it is clear that he is no longer held in quite as high esteem ("You'll burn for this, do you know it?", p. 69). Act 2: Cheever comes to arrest Elizabeth Proctor on orders from the court; he is convinced of her guilt when he finds a poppet with a needle stuck in it (p. 70), and isn't willing to believe other explanations for it, even though Mary Warren clearly states that she's the one who made the poppet and stuck the needle in it. Act 3: Cheever testifies about his experience with Goody Proctor and John Proctor in the previous Act (finding the poppet after Elizabeth denied keeping them, John ripping up the arrest warrant); though he prefaces his testimony with an apology to Proctor Marshal Herrick Herrick is the marshal for the court system in Salem, which is to say that he is the person sent to gather up prisoners, stop people from leaving the court and from attacking other people in the court, and lead convicted witches to be hanged. Act 2: Along with Cheever, Herrick comes to the Proctors' house to take Elizabeth Proctor away to the jail, as per orders of the court. Act 3: Herrick vouches for John Proctor’s character (p. 86) and acts as the arm of the court (he stops Proctor from attacking Abigail, stops Abigail from leaving when she’s accused of whorishness, and is asked to take Proctor and Corey to jail). Act 4: Herrick drunkenly clears Sarah Good and Tituba out of on cell of the jail to make way for the judges’ discussion with Parris and Hale. He also shepherds the prisoners (Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctor, and Rebecca Nurse) back and forth between the cells, the main room, and (ultimately) the gallows. Judge Hathorne Judge Hathorne is a Salem judge presiding over the witchcraft trials. Described by Miller in the stage directions as â€Å"a bitter, remorseless Salem judge† (p. 78), Hathorne lives up to that depiction in both word and deed – he shows no mercy to the accused witches or their families and is always willing to believe the worst of people. Judge Hathorne appears in Acts 3 and 4 of The Crucible. Act 3: Hathorne is very concerned with all civilians showing the proper respect to the court and the law (although he's less shrill about it than Parris is). Act 4: Hathorne comes to the jail to confer with Danforth; he is confused by and suspicious of why Hale is back, disapproves of Parris’s increasingly â€Å"unsteady† and wishy-washy demeanor (p. 5), and seems to think everyone is filled with â€Å"high satisfaction† (p. 7) at the hangings of the witches. Fun fact: The character of Judge Hathorne is based on the historical Hathorne who was so reviled that his descendant, author Nathaniel Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter, House of the Seven Gables), changed the spelling of his last name to avoid being associated with him. Deputy Governor Danforth At the time of the events in the play, Danforth is the Deputy Governor of the entire Province (of Massachusetts). Danforth oversees all of the court proceedings in the play as the highest legal authority. He is described by Miller as "a grave man in his sixties, of some humor and sophistication that do not, however, interfere with an exact loyalty to his position and his cause" (p. 79). While no one in the play seems to like him, exactly, he does command respect from most of the characters, at least at first - as the play continues and it becomes clear that Danforth is more concerned about procedure than justice, characters (including Giles Corey and John Proctor) vocally display their loss of respect for Danforth. Act 3: The audience first sees Danforth in his position as the presiding court judge for the witch trials. Danforth is not swayed by emotion but is swayed by the girls’ demonstrations of witchcraft (perhaps because he can see it with his own eyes, feel their clammy skin, etc). The combination of his dispassionate questioning and his belief in witchcraft means that what logically follows is him ordering the arrests of everyone who signed the petition affirming the good characters of Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey, holding Giles in contempt of court, and ordering Proctor’s arrest. Act 4: Danforth fills the audience in on what has been going on in Salem between Acts 3 and 4. He continues to lack detectable emotions and base his decisions on legality (e.g. it wouldn’t be fair to postpone the hangings of these witches because we already hanged others) instead of morality (we should avoid killing people unless absolutely necessary and unless all other avenues have been exhausted). When he senses that John Proctor might not be entirely aboveboard in his confession, he warns that if Proctor is lying about being a witch, then he can't stop Proctor from hanging; when Proctor rips up his confession, Danforth feels no qualms about sending him to the gallows (p. 134): Hang them high over the town! Who weeps for these, weeps for corruption! He sweeps out past them. Hopkins A guard at the Salem jail who helps Herrick clear Tituba and Goody Good out of the room to make way for Danforth in Act 4. Hopkins doesn’t even get a first name, and only has one line (p.3) - he's mostly there to announce Danforth's arrival. Unseen Characters in The Crucible There are several characters in The Crucible who don’t actually show up onstage but still play an important role in the play. In one case, a character actually has more lines from offstage (Martha Corey) than another character does onstage (Hopkins), while in other cases these offstage, unseen characters are used to move along the action of the play. Martha Corey Martha Corey is the (third) wife of Giles Corey, accused of witchcraft directly by Walcott (and indirectly by Giles himself). We learn through Francis Nurse that Martha Corey is highly thought of in town - or at least, she was until she was accused of witchcraft (p. 67): ...Martha Corey, there cannot be a woman closer yet to God than Martha. While Martha never appears onstage, she is mentioned in all four acts and has three offstage lines in Act 3. Act 1: Giles first brings up his suspicions that Martha's bookishness is somehow causing him to falter at his prayers (despite the fact that he only started regularly going to church when he married her, and so "it didn't take much to make him stumble over [his prayers]" (p. 38). Act 2: Giles reports that Martha's been taken away after Walcott accuses her of bewitching his pigs; Giles explains that he didn’t mean to imply his wife was a witch because she read books (even though that is absolutely what he implied). Act 3: Martha is heard from offstage being questioned by Judge Hathorne about witchcraft at the opening of the act; later, she is mentioned as being one of two accused witches who 91 people declared their good opinion of in a petition (p. 86-87). Act 4: Martha is mentioned as one of the accused witches Hale is trying to convince to confess; later, when John Proctor asks if Martha’s confessed, Elizabeth confirms that â€Å"[s]he will not† (p. 125). Ruth Putnam The only surviving child of Thomas and Ann Putnam, Ruth, like Betty Parris, shows signs of being bewitched. According to Ruth's parents, Ruth was sent by her mother to Tituba to figure out who supernaturally murdered Ruth's seven dead infant siblings; this is no doubt the reason why Ruth "never waked this morning, but her eyes open and she walks, and hears naught, sees naught, and cannot eat" (p. 13). While she never appears onstage, Ruth (and her strange illness) is used in absentia to corroborate the presence of some supernatural evil in Salem during Act 1. Ruth is only brought up again a couple of times during the rest of the play: in Act 3, the audience learns that Ruth is said to have accused George Jacobs of being a witch (p. 89), and that she is not in the court when John Proctor brings Mary Warren to confront the other girls (p. 94). Sarah Osburn Also Known As: Goody Osburn The name of Goody Osburn first comes up in Act 1, when she is suggested by Thomas Putnam as a possible witch (p. 43). This suggestion is then corroborated by the accusations of Tituba (p. 44) and Abigail Williams (p. 45). In Act 2, we learn that Good Osburn is the first witch to be condemned to hang in Salem (p. 54). We also learn that it's not all that surprising that someone would accuse Goody Osburn of being a witch, since she is â€Å"drunk and half-witted† (p.58). George Jacobs In the first act of The Crucible, George Jacobs is named as a witch by Betty Parris (p. 45). His name briefly comes up in Act 2 as the owner of a heifer John Proctor is thinking about buying for his wife (p. 48), but it is not until Act 3 that he becomes more important. In Act 3, Giles Corey alleges that he's heard that Ruth Putnam accused George Jacobs of witchcraft because convicted witches forfeit their property, and the only person who has enough money to buy up that property just so happens to be Ruth’s father, Thomas Putnam (p. 89): ...the day [Putnam's] daughter cried out on Jacobs, he said she’d given him a fair gift of land... The accusation that Ruth had basically handed her father George Jacobs' property by accusing him of witchcraft, however, is never brought to trial because Giles refuses to reveal the name of the person who told him about Putnam's words; therefore, George Jacobs becomes the indirect cause of Giles being arrested for contempt of court (and, ultimately, pressed to death). Bridget Bishop Also Known As: Goody Bishop Bridget Bishop is a tavern proprietor in Salem (p. 4) and is the first witch named by Abigail who wasn’t also named by Tituba (p. 45). Goody Bishop's main role inThe Crucible is as a contrast to Rebecca Nurse; to illustrate how the people hanged earlier in the play were of lower moral character than those set to hang during Act 4, Parris mentions how Bridget â€Å"lived three year with Bishop before she married him† (p. 7). Doctor Griggs Doctor Griggs is mentioned in Act 1 as the man Parris has consulted with to find out what’s wrong with Betty (p. 8) and in Act 2 as the man who confirms Sarah Good is pregnant (p. 56). He's also the employer of Susanna Walcott. Other People Mentioned in The Crucible In addition to all the characters who we've previously discussed, there are also several other people mentioned over the course of the play. Some of these names are useful to know because they give context to character relationships that shape how events unfold in The Crucible (for instance, James Bayley is the brother-in-law of Putnam who was passed over for minister of Salem due to opposition by other townspeople, including Francis Nurse, which causes bad blood between the two families). Some of the other names might be useful if your teacher asks you to list off people accused of witchcraft over the course of the play, or to list people who accused others of witchcraft. Whatever the reason, if you want a list of every name mentioned in The Crucible, we're here for you: see below for the nittiest-of-the-grittiest table of all the named people in The Crucible. Name Description Citation Mr. Collins Reports seeing Betty Parris flying. p. 12 Ingersoll Owns the barn over which Betty Parris is said to have flown. p. 12 James Bayley Brother-in-law of Thomas Putnam who was prevented from becoming minister of Salem by â€Å"a faction† (including Francis Nurse family). p. 13 John Putnam Brother of Thomas Putnam who helped Thomas jail George Burroughs. p. 14 George Burroughs Minister of Salem jailed for debts he didn’t owe by Thomas and John Putnam (possibly out of spite because Burroughs became minister where Bayley wasn’t able to) p. 14 Edward Putnam Signer of the first complaint against Rebecca Nurse; brother of Thomas Putnam. p. 25 Jonathan Putnam Signer of the first complaint against Rebecca Nurse; brother of Thomas Putnam. p. 25 Goody Howe Accused of being a witch by Betty Parris. p. 45 Martha Bellows Accused of being a witch by Betty Parris. p. 45 Goody Sibber Accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams. p. 45 Alice Barrow Accused of being a witch by Betty Parris. p. 45 Goody Hawkins Accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams. p. 46 Goody Bibber Accused of being a witch by Betty Parris. p. 46 Goody Booth Accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams. p. 46 Jonathan [Proctor] Son of Elizabeth and John Proctor. Is not the person who snared the rabbit eaten for dinner by John and Elizabeth in Act 2. p. 48 Walcott Father or other relative of Susanna Walcott. Accuses Martha Corey of witchcraft against his pigs. p. 68 Judge Stoughton Judge at the Salem witch trials. p. 86 Judge Sewall Judge at the Salem witch trials. p. 86 Mr. Lewis Father of Mercy Lewis; reports he thought his daughter was staying over with Abigail Williams for a night. p. 6 Isaac Ward Drunk Salem resident hanged as a witch; John Proctor is compared favorably to him. p. 7 Goody Ballard Named by Elizabeth Proctor as someone who confessed to being a witch. p. 124 Isaiah Goodkind Named by Elizabeth Proctor as someone who confessed to being a witch. p. 124 Common Discussion Topics for The Crucible Characters Now you know all about the characters in The Crucible. But what might you be asked about them? Here are some common essay questions/discussion topics about characters in The Crucible. Practice answering them for yourself to gain a deeper understanding of the play (even if your teachers don't end up asking you these specific questions). Choose a character who you think might represent a certain "type" of person. In your essay, argue which type of person this character represents. Use evidence from the play to support your claims. Be sure to explain why Arthur Miller might have chosen to have this character represent this type of person. Compare and contrast Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams. How is each woman affected by her position in the Puritan theocracy of Salem? How do different characters serve as foils for each other (e.g. Elizabeth and Abigail, Hale and Danforth)? How do characters change throughout the play, namely John Proctor, Mary Warren, and Reverend Hale? How does John and Elizabeth Proctor’s relationship drive the play? Choose one character from The Crucible. Then, argue whether their actions throughout the drama are selfish or sacrificial. Are they heroic or villainous? Was Proctor’s decision not to confess foolish or noble? Is John Proctor a tragic hero? Is The Crucible as a whole a tragedy? How does John Proctor’s dilemma change over the course of the play? Can we fully blame Abigail for the events in the play? For more about how to write effectively about the characters of The Crucible, be sure to read our article on character analysis in The Crucible. What’s Next? Looking for specific character analyses from The Crucible? We’ve got detailed guides to John Proctor, Abigail Williams, Mary Warren, Giles Corey, and Rebecca Nurse on our blog. Want a rundown of the play's action? Then be sure to read our full plot summary of The Crucible. Are you wondering, â€Å"What themes does this play cover? Is McCarthyism somehow involved?† Find out with our discussions of The Crucible themes and McCarthyism in The Crucible! 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