HR Team Project

This theory is bas De on effort and performance, which ultimately determines the outcome of a task o r duty. When looking at Top Expectancy, we see a clear correlation between the effort level f the employee and performance level. Pertaining to the Top expectancy, students in the case reached this low point of motivation because after putting in as much off rot as possible in the line situation, they realized that all the effort they put would b e sabotaged by the other foreign workers in the line.Thus, making the employee feel as if t here best efforts will never get them to the performance level needed to complete the j bob. This case situation also connected to Photo expectancy, which connects a specific perform menace level to a certain outcome. The specified outcome of the line was to remove a d stack the ketchup bottles quickly as possible without any boxes falling off the line. The s dents felt that at any performance level the outcome would still result in crates fall Eng off the line due to the counterproductive actions of the foreign workers.The probably tit of success was solely in the hands of the foreign workers, thus making the studs ants feel unmotivated to complete the job because the outcomes did not reflect their e efforts. The Students smashed the bottles in retaliation because they knew that the bottle s would be damaged regardless of their performance on the line. In the moment of anger r, the students page 2 wanted to feel in control, and thought that if the bottles were to break, it woo old feel better if they did it instead of the foreign workers. Another component of the expect Nancy theory is Valence.An employee may see the outcome as desirable or undesirable (La imbiber, 2010). In the academic journal, valence is connected to the expectancy of the employee through Individual perceptions. Due to the strenuous work and the negative work cue True of line duty, the students had an undesirable perception of the working envier moment. This is another factor that led to the destruction of the bottles. 2) Identify Ramie's leadership style using the Behavior Perspective of Leadership Give examples of his behavior from the case to support your answer.If Rah m had been a Transformational leader what would he have done to change the way things were happening on the bottling line? 2. Ramie's leadership style using the behavior perspective of leadership is the directive leadership style. The way Ihram performs his job such as trying to effectively manage the plant and fulfilling his duties can be supported by the directive leadership style. L adders that take on this type of leadership â€Å"assign specific tasks,sets goals and deadlines,clarify w Ark duties and procedures,define work procedures and plan work activities. (Machines & Steel n 2012,peg. 333) One of the ways Ihram portrays the style of directive leadership is whenever t he jobs had changed , he would give written instructions and descriptions as to what is ex pe cked of them. † Upon arrival they met Ihram, the Plant Manager, who gave them a set of job Instructions, which took all of 5 minutes and directed them to George, the lead oven operator(co k) if they had any additional questions. â€Å"(case study)Ihram always dealt with introducing them t o the work area and page 3 giving written job descriptions.Whenever Ihram was not in the working work ins area, he would have an employee who was to work as a supervisor in the area. The supervisor RSI were assigned so that they would be mentors to the new employees, and to clarify or listen to a NY concerns the employees had related to the job. However, in the case of the students that joy indeed neither was the supervisor willing to listen, nor was the plant manager who said to deal the pr bobbles on their own. Ihram also demonstrates directive leadership through the aspect of not willing g to listen to employee problems and concerns. The student said that while they were pale eased to be working at the plant, they had concerns about how George was treating them. Ihram t hen went into a long explanation about his management philosophy and how he felt it was m ore effective this ‘hands off policy' has served him in managing the plant I† (case study) Ihram did not care about listening to the concerns of the employees and to be supportive of them. He believed that all employee were mature and responsible adults, therefore the problems they h d with other employees Were to be solved by themselves.Getting Ihram involved in problem ms that employees had between each other felt as if he was treating them like children-Therefore it was suggested to the students that any concerns with George or any other employees should did erectly dealt with the person to get a solution. Hence, under the behavioral perspective of leaders hip Ihram best portrayed the directive leadership through his work performance. If Ihram was to be a transformational leader the way he was man aging the Pl ant would have been a more welcoming and positive environment.Transformational lea deer motivate employees to achieve the organization's vision. â€Å"Transformational leadership raises the level of human conduct and ethical aspiration of both leader and follower. It alters an d elevates the Page 4 motives, values, and goals of followers through the vital teaching role of lead reship, enabling leaders, and followers to be united in the pursuit Of higher Kerr ashcan. 201 3, peg. 1 2) A positive environment would have been formed in the company with employees being approachable and having freedom to suggest their opinions. F Ihram was to f allow ramifications leadership, he would have changed the attitudes of employee sees who were working on the bottling line. Being an ignorant leader has led to employees be ins disobedient. The machine operator had been rude enough to change the speed the mach en was at frequently. â€Å"Very quickly, however the two realized that the se two women had a relatively low opinion of seasonal workers and they apparently experienced considerable delight in VA raying the speed of the line. They could increase speed sufficiently to make it impossible for Robe art and Bill to remove and stack every case of ketchup. Case study) Ihram should have bee n able to come up with a solution to the concerns that students had With the operator if he was t o be a transformational leader. Also if this leadership style was used the students w loudly it hesitate to ask questions and raise their concerns to him about working in the company. In addition,the bottling line wouldn't have faced problems such as Robert and Bill throwing t he bottles against the wall if the transformational leadership style was followed. It can be under stood that for every action there is a reaction and in this situation it causes a harmful work environ moment.According to David Conrad it is said † the more connected managers are, the better they can und erstand what motivates members of their team, analyze what's really going on, and find sol suctions that meet the needs of their people and their company. † (Conrad, 2014) These are truly the steps that should have been taken by Ihram if he were to be a transformational leader who once auroras his employees to work together for the company. By meeting the needs of people e and finding Page 5 solution to them will allow employees to have a positive feeling about the woo receptacle and will decrease any levels of employee absenteeism.However, this is not the case of the Plant due to Ramie's directive leadership style but if Ihram changes his style of leading the Plant ,it will benefit both him and the employee. 3) Identify and describe (a) the sources of conflict The Students experienced conflict that ultimately led to their termination. The sources of conflict for the students started with the poor communication of Ihram, who explained the tasks and duties too quickly and didn' t introduce them to the other worker RSI. This created a social divide between the students and the other workers.Also, the workers had mix of incompatible goals and differentiation because the goals of the force gnu workers were counter productive, and the students had goals of increasing productivity y. These opposite goals and beliefs created tension between these two groups. The for sign workers have a negative perspective on seasonal workers, which conflicts wit h goals of production and decreases employee interest. † the prevailing perspective in c inflict management relies on the implicit assumption that employee interests should d be subordinated to the demands of production and authority† (Gross et al. 2013) Their interests and beliefs did not coincide with the production environment, which relies on efficiencies and productive actions. Page 6 Lastly, a prominent source of conflict was the use of ambiguous rules. The am bigamous working environment gave the fore ign workers the opportunity to interfere WI the the students work. There are not rules implemented to keep the line at a certain s peed. (b) the conflict management styles used by the students and the permanent staff. The conflict management style used by the students toward George was prop elm solving.Although they began to avoid the problem, they soon realized that they had t do something about the issue. The students used the problems solving style with George by attempting to solve the issue through a win win orientation. However, George completely dismissed their concerns, which should have signaled the student s to use a forcing style due to the unethical behavior. When the students were at the line e, they used a compromising style to solve the issue. They proposed to use hand signals to communicate to the foreign workers. They striver to achieve a mutual gain in order to keep a consistent flow in the line.The students attempted to build a trust wit h the reign workers by mak ing conditional promises. After this failed, the student s avoided the situation and retaliated by breaking the bottles. (c) Select the Structural Approaches to Conflict Management that might best help resolve the conflict on the bottling line. Gives reasons for your choice. In order to improve the line, structural approaches to conflict management SSH old have been implemented. The management staff should emphasize subordinated goals t o Increase Page 7 cooperative thinking.When everyone has the same ultimate goal, the worker s will work together to achieve the higher main goal of the operation. If the students and the permanent workers emphasized the subordinated goals of the organization, there would be less competitiveness between the two groups of workers. Improving communication and mutual understanding is also an approach that t could resolve this conflict. The loud production environment and quick pace made it very h art for the student workers to communicate with the foreig n workers. Also, the language barrier didn't help the situation either. ROR to starting the job, Ihram should have TA ken more time for the foreign workers to meet the student workers and assist them wit engage barrier. After the conflict occurred, the students should have tried t o find a quiet space to attempt to discuss the problem with the foreign workers. This s essential in creating a mutual understanding of goals. The students need the foreign w errors to know that they are serious about completing the tasks and duties, and want t o work together instead of compete. 4) (a) Identify and discuss the sources of power used by the permanent staff and the students in the case.Page 8 The sources of power identified in this case can be seen between three differ .NET parties. The iris is between the three newly hired workers John, Bill, and Robert and Rah m. Ihram is the plant manager of H. J Heinz, he provides the students their job instructions . After giving instructions, he leaves almost immediately but what is seen is that John, Bill, a ND Robert listen to the plant manager on the given job instructions. Ihram is seen to have e coercive power which is defined as â€Å"the ability for a manager to punish subordinate. (textbook) When Ihram catches Bill throwing the case against the wall, he exerts his core give power and fires both Bill and Robert. According to Mollification's article he states the t too much coercive power has a negative impact on employees job satisfaction† â€Å"Most SC hollers in management and psychology believe that using coercive power (punishment) as a means to influence subordinates and staff has much more negative effects than positive e, due to its adverse physical and mental effects† ( Anomalousness et al , 2014) The second is between John, Bill, and Robert and George, the lead oven opera tort (cook).George is seen to have legitimate power because he is simply of a higher working position informally because he is a p ermanent staff. Also, George partially has coercive power because he threatened the three students to make work harder for them if the eye talk to Ihram again. The third relation is between Robert and Bill's relation with the woman who w ere operating the conveyer belt. They display a small level of expert power because as perm anent staff, they are have the knowledge and know how to speed up the line.They used t his knowledge Page 9 in a negative way and made the boys work harder when they increased the s peed of the conveyer belt. Which led to Robert and Bill them fired (b) Identify and fully describe two influence tactics that the student might have used to improve the way they were being treated by the permanent staff. Two influence tactics that the students could have used to improve the way the eye were being treated is by persuasion and upward appeal. Persuasion would be a strong TA stick to use by stating a logical arguments, and emotional appeals.John, Bill, and Robert cool d have tried to talk to George about their financial situation and tell him how his stereotyping them as â€Å"rich college kids† is completely wrong because if they were rich, why would they b e working for H. J Heinz during their summer vacation? Additionally, when Robert and Bill w ere facing robbers with the woman operating the conveyer belt and speeding it up ran dimly, they should have talked to their coworkers right away and tell them to stop.The SE condo tactic the boys could have tried was upward appeal. This approach deals with gaining s purport from higher authority. They could have reported this childish behavior coming fro m the woman working the conveyer belt to higher management and speak to Ihram. If Rah m doesn't help, then they should have reported this mistreatment to the HRS department and seek help from there. 5) Use the Communication Process Model and the Barriers to Communication ( Noise) to fully explain why communication broke down on the bottling.Pa ge 10 5. The communication break down in bottling will be supported by both the com ammunition process model and barriers to communication. Based on the communication process model there had been a communication break down since their was low proficiency in the communication channel, the codebooks had not been similar and some employees did not ha eve sufficient experience in encoding the messages.

Discrimination Paper Essay

As you all probably know: discrimination is any situation in which a group or individual is treated differently based on something other than individual reason, usually their membership in a socially distinct group or category. These categories include ethnicity, sex, religion, age or disability. Discrimination can be thought of as favorable or unfavorable; however, today, â€Å"discrimination† is usually considered unfavorable. Racial discrimination, discrimination against women, and discrimination outside the United States, are some of the most common types of discrimination in the world. One of the most pervasive forms of discrimination in the United States is directed toward racial groups. There has always been conflict among the different races of people. The Constitution of the United States recognized the legality of slavery, the ultimate form of discrimination. Black males are one of the most common victims of discrimination. For example, a black male in the â€Å"ghetto† walks into a convenient store, the first thing that comes to the clerks mind is robbery or maybe even worse. African-Americans and other people of different races other than white have always been mistreated or judged just because of their color. Racial discrimination against Hispanic-Americans is also widespread. Employment, housing, and access to the judicial system is a problem for people other than whites. Asian-Americans also suffer discrimination. During World War II, the Japanese were forced to evacuate from the West Coast. American women have been victimized by discrimination in voting, employment, and other civil rights. Women were once known as â€Å"housewives†, and many men and women still think that is what a woman should be. Not only do people think women shouldn’t work, but they don’t think they should vote, serve on juries, or do anything else other than sit at home and do house work. In the late 160’s women organized to demand legal equality with men. They organized into the National Organization for Women and other groups for education, employment, and government. In 17, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was passed to the Constitution and submitted to the states for ratification. The ERA was suppose to eliminate legal discrimination against women, but it was not approved by the 18 deadline. Working toward the ERA built a skilled leadership of female politicians and lobbyists. Most nations practice discrimination against foreigners within their borders. It may be religious, such as Muslims against Jews, Protestants against Catholics; racial, or sexual discrimination, as in many countries where women have few rights. People in other countries are always fighting because of discrimination. International efforts to combat discrimination were minimal until the passage of the United Nations Charter in 145. The charter encourages â€Å"respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. Discrimination causes great conflict among many people. Regardless of race, religion, sex, or any other characteristics, a person should not be discriminated. Discrimination is one of the reasons this country is falling apart. Every man and woman whether they are black, white, yellow or green should be able to equally do what ever they wish. Most people don’t realize that every person, color not mattering, came from the same place.

Religion and discrimination Essay

One might take the view that society should be tolerant to any religion so long as it conforms to our laws and written constitution. At first glance, this statement seems as fit an answer as possible to the question of societal limits to religious tolerance. Unofrtunately, if one were to consider the matter with more caution, one would eventually see that the statement could only be part of a greater answer. It is without a consideration of some of the elements which constitute cults, as well as other factors, that one would falter in devising a definitive answer to the question. Certain followings or ‘faiths’ which claim to be religions that are prevalent today are, in actuality, forms of cults. Although most of the practices and elements common to cults are legal, they are, at best, suspect. The following should constitute the line of telerance society should not cross. Firstly, what distinguishes cults from religions is the manner in which they operate. Cults are designed with a view of insulating the individual from the rest of society. Once a member of a cult, in most cases, the individual is removed of most (if not all) of their personal autonomy. Most decisions are made by the cult leader, access to the outside world is often denied, and all information about the outside world is distorted by the leader. These types of operations should be intolerable by society. Second, there should be no tolerance for ‘religions’ that espouse any form of sacrifice, be it human or animal. Although historically, these practices were more or less prevalent and accepted, there certainly is no place for them in modern times. Lastly, there should be a limit of religious tolerance with regards to the manner in which some display their beliefs. Individuals in society should not be subject toa ny violence or restriction of freedom as a consequence of someone else’s beliefs. There have been numerous illustrations of this in the past. Individuals have blocked abotion clinics, have participated in violent demonstrations concerning one issue or another, ad infinitum. These types of religiously-fuelled practices have no place in, and should not be  tolerated, in present day society. For some, the state has been seen to usurp the place of God on occasion. The fervent belief held by Jehovah’s Witnesses, in assence, acts as the basis of their religious dissent. There have been certain areas of the law, which historically, have given rise to the conflict between the Canadian legal system and Jahovah’s Witnesses. As a result of this conflict, a myriad of implications have arisen. On one extreme, has been state persecutions of Witnesses. On the other extreme, has been instances of law reform. A consideration of the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ bases of dissent will follow. To begin, the First and Second World Wars saw the Witnesses as refusing to be drafted into military service. This area of dissent arose out of their pacifist doctirne. They refused to be involved in military service, or in anything that could be tied in with the war effort. Next, Witnesses reject all practices which allude to idolation. Their firm belief that only Jehovah be worshipped ahs led them to refuse singing the national anthem and saluting the Canadian Flag. Anything to do with pledging allegiance to anything or anyone other than Jehovah is strictly intolerable. As well, Witnesses have had objections to education. They believe that only parents have the right to teach faith to their children. Moreover, the Witnesses have had the view that religious education does nothing but serve to indoctrinate children into the RomanCatholic faith. These beliefs have led them to oppose religious education in schools, and the celebration of such Christian holidays as Christmas and Easter. Lastly, their literal stance towards to Bible has contributed to the Witnesses’ opposition of such modern medical procedures as blood transfusions. Although their position is based solely upon two verses in the Bible, it does nothing to detract them from their adamant views on the subject. As can be demonstrated, the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ rigid stance on certain  legal issues has allowed them to continue on as ‘conscientious objectors’. Many of their theological beliefs have contributed to numerous areas of dissent between themselves and the Canadian legal system.

Factors that influence recruitment and selection practices in HRIS Research Paper

Factors that influence recruitment and selection practices in HRIS - Research Paper Example light with this, several factors influences recruitment and selection practices in the HRIS depending with organization’s goals especially on what it intends to attain by recruiting new employees. Currently, many organizations heavily invest in HRIS in the effort to manage human resource. However, what they fail to realize is that HRIS should not only be concerned with, administrative human resource, but also human resource planning in order to attain their goals (Kandula 69). Therefore, it is apparent that any person to manage HRIS should contain the ultimate capability to enable the organization attain its goals. For example, somebody working in HRIS must have adequate knowledge on HRISs. This is paramount because certain knowledge about computerized applications is required to manage employee’s data and information. The candidate must as well be innovative in order to bring about knew knowledge, ideas and development in the organization (Kandula 69). This is arguably true because organizations success highly depends on the workforce abilities to deliver. In essence, HRIS involves helping the organization in analyzing job competencies and skills, salary and wages data, analysis of recruitment patterns and trends, and other strategic management in an organization (Pattanayak 46). With such information, organizations are able to effectively manage human resource. In this regard, any person heading HRIS must contain knowledge of how to articulate on these issues in order to help the organization succeed. In addition, HRIS should contain performance management system and training and development systems, which are used to evaluate and improve performance of employees. Individuals heading HRIS should have the ability to develop a system that can measure how every employee performs in the organization, and develop a system that enhances their competencies (Pattanayak 46). Different companies have different goals and objectives. However, this depends with area of

Principles of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principles of Marketing - Essay Example Under this alternative, a company concentrates on extending an already existing brand name but focus on creating new flavors, colors, size, ingredients, as well as new forms of an existing product category. Most of the new products on the market today actually consist of line extension. A good example of line extension can be the make new flavors of Doritos products. A company can also opt to use multi-brands as a means of developing brands. As mentioned earlier, multi-brands entail a company introducing additional brands into the same product line or category. An example of developing brands using multi-brands is gamble and proctor markets which have a variety of different brands in every category of their products. Introducing new brands is another alternative that a company can choose from in developing new brands. Under this option, a company may be of the view that the strength of the already existing brand name is fading off, and the introduction of a new brand name is necessary. The introduction of scion by the Toyota Company for purposes of the millennial customers is a perfect example of new brands. Finally, a company has the option of developing brands through brand extension. Through this alternative, the company uses an established or existing brand name in designing new product lines. Ultimately, the newly designed product category to which the brand is created can be unrelated or sometimes related to the already established product categories. An example of a brand extension is the Nike brand which is renowned for shoe production; however, Nike has now extended to producing golf equipment, sunglasses, basketballs and soccer balls. An already established brand used in brand extension is known as a parent brand. Indeed when it comes to developing brands, a company has got four alternatives from which it can choose from.  

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Interview - Essay Example Currently, I am the CEO of Google Inc. A: My interest in computing dates back to high school days when I used to analyze web pages. In essence, my research in computing was largely based on analysis of web pages using algorithms and I honestly had no idea how Google would revolutionize the computing world. My partner Sergey Brin  has been supportive and collaborative ever since and I attribute the company’s success to his synergy. In as much as the operations of Google are related to my career, I can say Serendipity was at play, particularly during the incipient stages of the company. A: To be honest, Brin and I solicited funds from friends, family, and well-wishers in order to develop the company. One of the challenges we faced was that our company was not yet incorporated and so we could not receive checks. We, however, solved the problem after two years of paperwork. In 1998, Brin and I incorporated the company as Google Inc. and it has transcended insurmountable odds ever since. As currently constituted, the company is currently a C-Corp and it is listed on NASDAQ. A: Well, Brin and I had initially developed a PageRank algorithm that could as well function as a search engine and its super performance was enviable among the existing portals like Yahoo. That’s all we had, neither did we have a web page developer nor a decent office. We essentially employed our skills in the basic HTML programming to do all our tasks. It was hectic yet rewarding. A: Our primary aim was to foster the usefulness of global information by organizing it. Our first customers were corporate entities who wanted to organize and interlink their information by creating internet URLs that our users could follow. A: perhaps our biggest challenge has been synchronizing our ads in the mobile search networks. In this regard, we are teaming up with mobile app developers to encourage people to use mobile search so that they can

Strategic Planning in Uncertain and Dynamic Environments Research Paper

Strategic Planning in Uncertain and Dynamic Environments - Research Paper Example This process is called strategic planning and has been proved to result in different outcomes for different organizations, depending on the nature of the organization and the environment in which the organization operates.   Strategic planning is a systematic and documented process that is adapted for making decisions on what key decisions an organization must get right in order to ensure that the organization thrives in the future. The process of strategic planning leads to a strategic plan, which is a set of statements that describe the purpose and ethical conduct of an organization together with the different strategies that have been designed in order to achieve the targets that the organization has set (Pearce II, et al 1987). To achieve the best outcome, an organization should ensure that its strategic planning is effective, and is capable of sustainable strategic decisions. This is important as it might reduce the risk level for the organization, and improve the long-term performance of the organization. Different organizations have utilized the process of strategic planning differently, and have experienced varying results. Today, apart from large corporations, smaller organizations are equally adopting the process of strategic planning. While some organizations have successfully used strategic planning and experienced a positive outcome, other organizations have failed to realize a positive outcome with strategic planning. Therefore, strategic planning in this regard cannot be viewed as an ultimate or absolute effective process for organizational decision making and improved performance.  

Work of the Prophets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Work of the Prophets - Essay Example Rather God encourages Isaiah and Jeremiah to stress on different issues of the same truth with a view of different concerns of their times. Some foretold historical events have already come true, but the God’s truth spoken by two prophets stays timely nowadays. Timely character of two prophecies is mainly observed when reading about those sins of Judah and Israel Isaiah and Jeremiah point on. Thinking about analogies between modern times and â€Å"more than 2  500 years ago† Friedman (2011) fairly points that none of prophets speaks directly on economic markets, great unemployment or etc., but on false leaders, a general lack of justice, a lack of fair treatment and peace, and these issues are among modern Christian concerns. House (n.d.) admits that Isaiah firstly expresses concerns because nations are sinning against each other suffering from mutual oppressions. Isaiah claims that by sinning against each other humankind sins against God. Thus, nowadays, until there’re nations engaged in conflicts with other nations, or oppressing one another, it’s still sinning against God. Friedman (2011) points that Jeremiah’s preaching generally, is for â€Å"loving-kindness† however, about half of his prophecy’s dedicated to descriptions of sins of Israel and Judah nations. House (n.d.) refers it to Jeremiah’s â€Å"turbulent times† when neither common Judah nations, nor Israel rulers were listening to true words spoken by God through Jeremiah instead, listening to false words of false prophets. â€Å"People have gone away from the Lord† so much that Jeremiah himself was constantly threatened and hatred though his preaching was based on Ten Commandments (House, n.d.). Thus, Jeremiah’s mostly concerned with false idolatry. Worshiping â€Å"chiefs of Sodom† had already been a matter of concerns for Isaiah, and Friedman (2011) says sadly it has stayed so nowadays when Christians appreciate those powerful because of their wealth, and at the same time, there’re

Use an example of your choice to discuss how corporate restructuring Essay - 2

Use an example of your choice to discuss how corporate restructuring transformed market, productive and financial performance - Essay Example An organization may face challenges such as funds and shrinking market share. These influences may force its management team to institute a change of ownership, in order to overcome issues like bankruptcy or buyouts (Gilson, 2010). Restructuring in organizations make organizations efficient and better organised. Such organizations have a better financial plan and revised strategic plans (Riany et. al., 2012). Industrial players to enhance better shareholder wealth, and improve the performance and welfare of employees have adapted such initiatives. Apple Inc is a multinational corporation, which develops designs and sells personal computers, software and other electronic devices. The company famous for its Mac chain of computers, which includes iphone Smart phones and ipad tablets. The company under the leadership of Steve Jobs has undergone several transformations. Some of these transformations involve a change in products to marketing campaigns. There are several reasons for companies to institute restructuring strategies. Organizations have to change regularly their contractual relationship with shareholders, employees and other stakeholders. These factors make it necessary for such organization to have a constant change in their restructuring strategy (Gareth and Charles, 2010). These industrial players have a stake in organizations legal, financial, operational and ownership. Therefore, organizations have to restructure their strategies to meet their demands. Such strategies of restructuring include organizational, portfolio and financial restructuring (Samaras, 2004). However, one needs to understand that restructuring is an ongoing process for organizations. Corporate restructuring assists organizations improve on their performance, operation or profitability. For Apple Inc, restructuring became evident with competition and growing cost of production. In the year 1990s, the company’s market

Argue one side of free will from a philosophical view Essay

Argue one side of free will from a philosophical view - Essay Example The concept of determinism has three main positions; Indeterminism, Determinism and lastly soft determinism. In the modern world, determinism can be seen in an event such as the powering off of a personal computer automatically due to power outage or an electrical fault. Looking at hard determinism, it can be explained by the belief that each and every event taking place must have its own sufficient natural cause for that. That being said, an action or thought cannot be viewed as free if it has a cause behind it. On the other hand, Indeterminists have the view that the term universal is not applicable to our mental life in the same way as in the outside natural and physical world. Lastly, free will and determinism are deemed to be compatible in both the natural physical world and the mental state. On the issue of freewill, we can look at a scenario like transporting ourselves to very many feet below the ocean or sea. This begs the question, does anyone have the freedom to move themselves physically from their own home to an area deep under the sea? The most obvious answer to this question is that it is possible if one can be able to get himself to a submarine and go down to the ocean floor aboard it. Looking at this answer it means that the concept of our freedom and freewill is to the most part limited by the laws of nature and the prevailing physical reality. We need third party solutions in order to exercise our own ‘Free Will’ e.g. usage of lights at lights, driving vehicles to work or talking to a relative on the phone who is hundreds of miles away. The important thing to note is that even though we may claim to have free will it is limited in its actuality in most cases. The same can be seen in terms of determinism, we as humans can estimate some form of th e future in certain instances. We are capable of determining the future behavior of the sun, earth and the climate

Favorite Possession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Favorite Possession - Essay Example According to the findings, as a point of departure, my pet is a dog-named jimmy. Jimmy is one year, 3 months old. I find immense fascination in Jimmy because of numerous reasons, which include its appearance, courage, skilfulness and its charming actions. To start with, Jimmy is white with few black spots, which make it beautiful. I like the colour match because it brings happiness to me when am with Jimmy. On equal measure, the courage jimmy exhibits whenever he wants to attack is beyond comprehension. Jimmy is so courageous to defend me against a number of enemies. Jimmy is flexible and skilful. This makes him fierce when doing long-range attack on the enemy. He applies tactical moves, when he feels that someone might respond back and hit him. It is difficult to defeat Jimmy, because he is smart in his moves, which are enhanced by his long limbs and claws. I feel protected whenever I walk with Jimmy. He is a real warrior. Another fascinating aspect of Jimmy is the charming antics, which make me joyous and active whenever am tired or angry. He is a true friend who understands my mood pattern and responds to it appropriately.

Online Behavioral Targeting and Consumer Privacy Issues Essay Example for Free

Online Behavioral Targeting and Consumer Privacy Issues Essay Sophocles’ prolific writing has rarely produced a woman of such stern strength of character as â€Å"Antigone†. Inversely the comedy of Aristophanes â€Å"Lysistrat† was among the first to introduce a strong willed female protagonist, who is not a goddess. The treatment of both great writers differs in the fact that the backdrops and the moods are distinctly different. While Sophocles zeroed in on the sombre tragedy, Aristophanes chose to inject feminist revolt against domination through zestful comedy. From a gender perspective it is important to study the motives behind the actions of the lead characters in both the plays. There have been suicides and suicides in Greek tragedies (which almost define Greek tragedies). Sophocles’ Antigone commits suicide in the dark dungeon left to starve to death. But unlike the suicide of their mother Jocasta who decides to end her life when she learns that her marital relationship with Oedipus was incestuous, Antigone’s death is a defiant protest against the tyranny of her uncle Creon and an emphasis of her strongly held belief, that her brother should be accorded a proper burial. There have been few examples of valour from Greek women who defied the norms of either their contemporary society or their king for a symbolic gesture rather than a cause. In the case of Antigone it was the burial rights to one of her two dead brothers which drives her to go against the will of the ruler, Creon. â€Å"Antigone† begins after both the warring brothers have apparently killed each other and since Polynices revolted against the state and led an Argive army to overthrow his brother Eteocles, he is deemed to be a sinner against the state. Thus Creone, brother of Jocasta, who becomes the ruler decrees his body to be deprived of proper burial rites to ensure that his soul rots beyond redemption. Antigone, in the beginning of the play expresses her wish to accord her brother proper burial. It is a symbolic depiction of Antigone’s moral strength that she decides to go ahead in her chosen course though she is unable to enlist the support of her more timid sister Ismene. This is a marked deviation from the depiction of women in Greek literature of the time where women were always looked upon as dependent on others for the strength of their convictions. Antigone succeeds in her stated mission and when this becomes known to Creone, an argument rages on the choice between the natural law and man-made laws. In another daring drift from established norm, the chorus in Sophocles’ play have the moral courage to call the path of their emperor as the more evil. Creone’s son and Antigone’s fiance Haemon comes to her defence and the ensuing debate on the justice of natural laws which should supersede man made laws is a dramatist’s delight. Creone, however, decides to leave Antigone to starve to death in a sealed cave as her prison. The blind prophet Tiresias also advocates against punishment to Antigone and says he will pay â€Å"corpse for corpse, and flesh for flesh†. The declaration of Tiresias that Creon is causing moral pollution causes a change of heart in Creone. His moral dilemma leads him to conclude that Polynices should be buried and Antigone should be pardoned. But by this time, Hameon reaches Antigone’s cave with the intention of saving her only to find that she has committed suicide by hanging herself, much like her mother Jocasta before her. When Creon reaches the cave he finds Hameon grieving over Antigone and he takes his life by stabbing himself as Creon approaches him. This leads Eurydice, Creon’s wife to give up her life in the grief of her son’s untimely death. Thus Creon loses all his loved ones due to his one fatal erring conviction to hold the laws of the state above the natural law. The tragic flaw, is thus justified in Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone†. It is easy to categorize the play Lysistrata by Aristophanes as a lewd comedy designed to entertain the Greek literature and drama lovers with a lampooning of the results if women begin to take an interest in affairs of national importance. It is also very convenient to visualize male actors playing all the important roles of the play and the â€Å"male† male characters wearing erect phalluses to depict their masculinity might have led to uproarious laughter. However, with passing time and the aid of retrospection help us to begin to understand that Aristophanes might have devoted considerable time and emotional energy in trying to decipher what goes through the hearts and heads of women of his time who were modelled to be subservient and detached from the affairs of the state. Lysistrata leads a domestic and non violent non-cooperation movement (though the medium of non cooperation seldom ventures beyond the conventional sexual subjugation) to convince the men of the time to end the long standing war (apparently the Peloponnesian war) and bring back peace. The play is an apparent comedy that it depicts women as sex crazed and spine less characters for whom rising beyond their daily chores is a daunting task. Except fro Lysistrata, no other woman comes across as strong willed enough to contribute in any way to the cause of the play. One can imagine the gusty laughter the scene involving the swearing of oath by drinking wine from a shield as it was a portrayal of women as being incapable of self restraint (from all good things in life, including wine and sex). Though Lysistrata as a play has a lot of titillate the viewers, it has been seen in modern light as a commentary on the plight of women who have no say in the affairs of the state entirely decide by the men but have to silently suffer the consequences. This has remained unchanged even after the liberation ages of the 20th century. Aristophanes does manage to draw a caricature of Greek women as incapable of with holding sex or thinking beyond sex as the only weapon in her armour to control or change society. It is possible though to excuse this caricature as Aristophanes’ attempt not to ruffle the feathers of his contemporary society while at the same time recording for future history that women did harbour different opinions on the approaches of the state to war and peace. The widowhood and martyrdom of a mother who loses her children to the ravages of war are not mentioned, perhaps because they would have added the much relegated sobriety to this deemed comedy. Gender domination is a visible thread in Lysistrata, but whether Aristophanes designed this play as a comic fiction based on improbable scenarios of liberated women questioning state policies, or as an underhanded attempt to depict female angst of his contemporary Greek society is debatable. However Lysistrata has remained current and meaningful to this date due to its universal themes of Peace being preferred over War and has helped several social commentators put across their point during the several un necessary wars that dot world history to date be it the Vietnam war or the latest invasion of Iraq. Whatever be the motivation, both Sophocles and Aristophanes manage to leave behind a piece of Literature which continues to engage readers and historians in a healthy debate on the premium placed on female equality by writers from the Greek age to the present day. Works Cited or used as reference Henderson, Jeffrey (contributor) Lysistrata by Aristophanes, London : Oxford University Press, 1990 Translated by Gibbons, Reginald and Segal, Charles Antigone by Sophocles, NewYork : Oxford University Press US, 2003

Analysis of Mobile IP Networks

Analysis of Mobile IP Networks That allows users with mobile devices whose IP address is associated with one network to stay connected when moving to a network with a different IP address. When a user leaves the network with which his device is associated home network and enters the domain of a foreign network. The foreign network uses the MIP protocol to inform the home network of care of address to which all packets for the user’s device should be sent. Mobile IP is most often found in wireless WAN environment where users need to carry their mobile devices across multiple LANs with different IP adders. A common analogy to explain mobile IP when someone moves his residence from one location to another person moves from Boston to newyork. Person drops off new mailing address to newyork post office, newyork post office notifies Boston post office of new mailing address. When Boston post office receives mail for person it knows to forward mail to person’s newyork address. DHMIP approaches still requires the new location update and packet route processing in foreign agents belonging to the hierarchy increasing the mobility signaling and packet delivery delay. Though the foreign agents hierarchy increases the network resources used for packet delivery and location update signaling for an ongoing communication. The path reestablishment is performed only between home agents and foreign agents. However the bandwidth used by a mobile terminal for packet delivery is high because several connections are used for packet’s transfer to the mobile terminal. It is clear that the total bandwidth used for signaling and packet delivery. The forwarding through multiple foreign agents will cause some service delivery delay, which may not be appropriate when there is delay restraint for some internet application such as video or voice services. In order to avoid excessive packet transmission delay. We set a threshold on the level number of the hierarchy in the DHMP scheme. When the threshold is reached the mesh host will register to its home agent. MHMIP reduces the frequency of the location update to home agent. This update is performed every inter gateway foreign agents mobility rather than every inter foreign agents mobility limiting the location update processing only at the gateway foreign agents. Hence this approach allows reducing the mobility signaling delay compared to the HMIP DHMIP approaches specifically for high mobility mobile terminals. However it is network resources consuming approach due to multicast protocol use. MHMIP mobility approach compares very favorable with the previously considered mobility approaches. More specially our analysis gives in almost all cases a lower mean handoff delay per call. The multicast has been proposed to be used for mobility support and specifically in wireless networks with small radio calls and high mobility of mobile terminals. They can be classified in to multicast based mobility in connection oriented and connectionless networks. Connection oriented where a multicast connection tree is reestablished. This tree is a collection of radio base stations and ATM network switches connected to the tree’s root. The signaling delay is limited to the activation and deactivation of pre-establishment branch in the tree. Connectionless multicast to mobile IP to reduce the handoff delay. The home agent encapsulates the intercepted packets in to multicast packets and sends them to the targeted mobile terminal over multiple foreign agents. The performs of multicast mobility approaches has been evaluated through simulation or through analytic models. A set of performance metrics such as handoff delay, packet loss and bandwidth overhead due to handoff have been identified and evaluated for multicast mobility approaches. Sentence change: DHMIP approaches still require the location that is new and packet route processing in foreign agents belonging to the hierarchy increasing the mobility signaling and packet delivery delay. Though the foreign agents hierarchy increases the network resources used for packet delivery and location update signaling for an communication that is ongoing. The path reestablishment is performed only between home agents and agents that are foreign. However the bandwidth used by a mobile terminal for packet delivery is high because several connections are used for packet’s transfer to the |terminal that is mobile. It is clear that the bandwidth that is total for signaling and packet delivery. The forwarding through multiple foreign agents will cause some service delivery delay, which may not be appropriate when there is delay restraint for some application that is internet as video or voice services. In order to avoid packet transmission delay that is excessive. We set a threshold on the known level number of the hierarchy in the DHMP scheme. When the threshold is reached the mesh host shall register to its home agent. MHMIP reduces the frequency of the location update to home agent. This update is performed every inter gateway foreign agents mobility rather than every inter foreign agents mobility limiting the location update processing only at the gateway agents that are foreign. Hence this approach allows reducing the mobility delay that is signaling to the HMIP DHMIP approaches specifically for high mobility mobile terminals. However it is network resources approach that is consuming to multicast protocol use. MHMIP mobility approach compares very favorable with the previously considered mobility approaches. More specially our analysis gives in almost all full cases a lower mean handoff delay per call. The multicast has been proposed to be used for mobility support and specifically in wireless networks with small radio calls and mobility that is high of terminals. They can be classified in to multicast based mobility in connection oriented and networks that are connectionless. Connection oriented where a connection that is multicast is reestablished. This tree is a collection of radio base stations and ATM network switches connected to the tree’s root. The delay that is signaling limited to the activation and deactivation of pre-establishment branch in the tree. Connectionless multicast to IP that is mobile reduces the handoff delay. The home agent encapsulates the intercepted packets in to multicast packets and sends them to the targeted terminal that is mobile multiple foreign agents. The performs of multicast mobility approaches has been evaluated through simulation or through analytic models. A set of performance metrics such as handoff delay, packet bandwidth and loss overhead due to handoff have been identified and evaluated for multicast mobility approaches. Synonyms change: That enables users with cellular devices whose internet protocol address is related with one system to remain connected whenever transferring to a system with a various IP address. When a user renders the communicate with which his system is connected home network and comes into the domain of a foreign network. The foreign network utilizes the MIP protocol to update the home network of care of address to that all packages for the particular user’s device should be sent. Mobile IP is most frequently located in cellular WAN environment where people require to carry their cellular devices throughout multiple LANs with various IP adders. A typical analogy to describe mobile IP when someone moves his residency from one venue to another. Person goes from Boston to newyork. Person declines away new sending address to newyork company, Newyork Company informs Boston Company of new sending address. When Boston company receives email} for the user it knows to forwards email to person’s newyork address. DHMIP strategies still needs the latest venue upgrade and package route operating in foreign agents that belongs to the hierarchy improving the portability signaling as well as package delivery delay. Although the foreign agents structure increases the system sources used for packet supply and area update signaling for the particular continuous communication. The path reestablishment is carried out only between home agents and foreign agents. Although the data transfer usage used by a mobile terminal for packet sending is high because a number of varied connections are generally utilized for packet’s transfer to that mobile terminal. It is apparent that the actual total bandwidth used for signaling and package delivery. The forwarding by using multiple foreign agents will lead to a number of services delivery delay, which may not be recommended when there is delay control for some online application such as video or voice services. In order to avoid extreme packet transmission delay. We specify a threshold on that levels quantity of the hierarchy in the DHMP scheme. When the threshold is achieved the mesh host will subscribe to its home agent. The multicast has been recently suggested that become utilized for mobility service and especially in cellular communities with small broadcast contacts as well as excellent mobility of portable terminals. They can be characterized in to multicast based mobility in connection oriented and connectionless systems. Connection oriented where a multicast connections tree is reestablished. This tree is a collecting to broadcast base channels and ATM community turns connected to the tree’s root. The signaling hold off is restricted to the stimulation and deactivation of pre-establishment division in the tree. Connectionless multicast to cellular IP to minimize the handoff delay. The home agent encapsulates the intercepted packages in to multicast packets as well as sends them to the specific mobile terminal through multiple foreign agents. The performs concerning multicast mobility approaches has been analyzed with representation or through analytical models. A set of performance measurements such as handoff delay, package loss and bandwidth expense due to handoff have been recognized and assessed for multicast mobility strategies. MHMIP minimizes the consistency of the venue upgrade to home agent. This upgrade is conducted every inter gateway foreign agents mobility instead as compared to each inter foreign agents mobility restricting the venue upgrade processing exclusively at the gateway foreign agents. Therefore this strategy enables minimizing the mobility signaling delay when compared to the HMIP DHMIP strategies especially for the extreme mobility cellular terminals. Although it is system sources consuming strategy because of to multicast protocol use. MHMIP mobility technique analyzes very advantageous with the formerly considered mobility techniques. More especially our assessment provides in virtually all cases a lower mean handoff delay per call.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Theory and Applications

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Theory and Applications Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Assessment Introduction Definition of Cognitive behavioural Therapy The term Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) covers a number of techniques of spoken interactive therapy which are considered useful in helping people solve life problems such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and various addictive problems. (Beck A T 2005) Basic theoretical principles Cognitive behavioural therapy has arisen as a hybrid therapy combining the elements of cognitive therapy, which was originally conceived and developed to assist in changing dysfunctional beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and expectations, and behavioural therapy (which is referred to as behaviourism) which was originally developed to change how people acted in response to various stimuli. Influential authorities such as Beck suggested that how one thinks about a situation determines how one acts and our actions determine how one thinks and feels. (Beck A T et al. 1979). This therapy endeavours to change elements of thinking (cognition) and behaviour together in order to achieve its beneficial effect on feelings. The therapy is based on an assumption that feelings and behaviour patterns such as anxiety and avoidance behaviours are related to the development of maladaptive beliefs and their related thought processes in an individual. Therapy is based on a series of collaborative interactions between the patient and the therapist in conjunction with specific cognitive and behavioural techniques such as Socratic dialogue, monitoring of beliefs, activity monitoring and scheduling, analysing advantages and disadvantages of avoidance, graded exposure assignments, behavioural experiments and role-play. The exact form of the therapy will depend on the presentation of the patient and the professional expertise of the therapist. (Hobbis I C A et al. 2005) Brief overview of the evidence base to support CBT There are two basic issues here. In order to define the evidence base for Cognitive behavioural therapy, one has to define the condition for which it is said to be efficacious. In the context of this essay, one can specifically consider Cognitive behavioural therapy in the area of anxiety treatment. A good place to start is the study by Stanley (Stanley M A et al. 2003). This was a small retrospective study which Cognitive behavioural therapy was contrasted with â€Å"usual care† and demonstrated a clear statistically significant advantage in the Cognitive behavioural therapy group on a broad battery of anxiety measurement tools. This correlates well with other findings from larger studies (viz Wetherell J L et al. 2005) and the meta analysis by Pinquart (Pinquart M et al. 2007) Principles and practices of CBT assessment Role and purpose of CBT assessment process related to relevant theory described previously. Describe the different stages of CBT assessment process. There are a number of different assessment models. For an illustrative example one can use the Williams Garland model (Williams C et al. 2002). This model uses five discrete areas of assessment which are described as:- Area 1: Situation, relationships and practical problems For example, Debts, housing or other difficulties. Patients may have problems in relationships with family, friends, colleagues, etc. Life events such as deaths, redundancy, divorce, court appearances may all be relevant. Area 2: Altered thinking An exploration of the typical characteristics of dysfunctional thinking that are commonly found in anxiety and depressive states, for example patients may display an ability to overlook their strengths and become very self-critical. Patients will often unhelpfully dwell on past, current or future problems; they put a negative slant on things, using a negative mental filter that focuses only on their difficulties and failures. They can catastrophise events and will typically mind-read and second-guess that others think badly of them, rarely checking whether this is true. (after Whitfield G et al. 2003) Area 3: Altered emotions There are a number of altered emotional states commonly found in anxiety states which can include feelings of anxiety, stress, worry, fear, panic and being ‘hassled’. Guilt, anger and irritability are common as are shame and embarrassment. Area 4: Altered physical symptoms There is a wide variety of symptoms commonly found in anxiety related conditions and these can include restlessness and an inability to relax, feeling of tension, shakiness or unsteadiness when standing, insomnia, palpitations and feelings of depersonalisation. Area 5: Altered behaviour In anxiety states one of the commonest symptoms is avoidance behaviour which can usually be elicited by asking the question ‘What things have you stopped doing since you started feeling anxious?’ Define and describe role and purpose of formulation in CBT assessment There are two major reasons for this type of assessment. Firstly it serves as a guide for the practitioner to determine the impact of the anxiety (or depression) on the patient’s overall subjective experience and thereby define goals and targets. Secondly it is helpful for the patient. The Five areas assessment model is easily grasped and understood by patients and thereby allows for an understanding of the effects that their anxiety state has on them. Often the act of writing down their symptoms under the headings allows for a degree of emotional distance which allows a patient the ability to examine their symptoms more objectively. Discuss the role and purpose of measurement in CBT model including psychometric and ideographic measures and problem and target statements Include relevant references and appendices (e.g. examples of measures) The academic determination of the evidence base for Cognitive behavioural therapy is ultimately based on studies that have measured the degree of response to the intervention. To this end there are a number of tools available for measurement. A comparatively new tool that has been described in the literature is the Questionnaire on Control Expectancies in Psychotherapy, (Jennings S 2008) which quantifies the degree to which responsibility for change is shared between therapist and patient. Other older tools include the state trait anxiety inventory, the graphic anxiety scale, the hospital anxiety and depression scale, and the anxiety-defining characteristics tool (Chuldham C M et al. 2008) Engagement issues Engagement with the patient can be a complex matter. A brief overview of the literature on the subject suggests that studies that have shown a poor patient response to Cognitive behavioural therapy have identified one of the causes to be inadequate expectancies of the patient specifically regarding the responsibility and the mechanisms of therapeutic change. Responsibility can be assigned to the therapist rather than the patient. In this respect, assessing control beliefs specific to the context of the psychotheraputic approach and specifically linking them to the expected therapy outcome can help highlight this specific aspect. References Beck A T (2005) The Current State of Cognitive Therapy: A 40 Year Retrospective Arch Gen Psychiatry, September 1, 2005; 62 (9) : 953 959. Beck A T, Rush A J, Shaw B F, Emery G : (1979) Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York, Guilford, 1979 Chuldham C M. Cunningham G, Hiscock M, Luscombe P (2008) Assessment of anxiety in hospital patients Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol 22 Issue 1 Pg 87 93 208 Hobbis I C A, Sutton S (2005) Are Techniques Used in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Applicable to Behaviour Change Interventions Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour? Journal of Health Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 1, 7 18 (2005) Jennings S (2008) Perceived responsibility for change as an outcome predictor in Cognitive behavioural therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Volume 47, Number 3, September 2008 , pp. 281 293(13) Pinquart M, Duberstein P R (2007) Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Older Adults: A Meta-analytic Comparison of Behavioral and Pharmacological Interventions. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, August 1, 2007; 15 (8) : 639 651. Stanley M A, Hopko D R, Diefenbach G J, Bourland S L, Rodriguez H, Wagener P, (2003) Cognitive–Behavior Therapy for Late-Life Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Primary Care Preliminary Findings Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 11 : 92 96, February 2003 Wetherell J L, Gatz M, Craske M G : (2005) Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 1, 2005; 18 (2) : 72 82. Whitfield G, Williams C (2003) The evidence base for cognitive-behavioural therapy in depression: delivery in busy clinical settings. Advan. Psychiatr. Treat., January 1, 2003; 9 (1) : 21 30. Williams C, Garland A (2002) A cognitive–behavioural therapy assessment model for use in everyday clinical practice. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2002) 8 : 172 179 ################################################################ 26.08.2008 Word count 1,439 PDG

COP 3530, Discrete Data Structures and Algorithms, Summer 1999, Homework 3 :: UFL Florida Computer Programming Homework

Class Notes: Data Structures and Algorithms Summer-C Semester 1999 - M WRF 2nd Period CSE/E119, Section 7344 Homework #3 -- Due Thu 10 June 1999 : 09.30am This is the key for Homework #3. Answers are in blue typeface. * Question 1. Given an 8-element sequence S = (3, -10, 4, -3, 8, 6, 5, 1), diagram the merge-sort tree (architecture) for the divide, sort, and conquer phases of the merge-sort algorithm, as we did in class. Label each level (e.g., L1, L2, etc.), as you will need this information in Question 2. Do not write code for merge-sort. Answer: Level 1 (3, -10, 4, -3, 8, 6, 5, 1) / Level 2 (3, -10, 4, -3) ( 8, 6, 5, 1) / / Level 3 (3, -10) (4, -3) (8, 6) (5, 1) X X X X

Nicks Self-Discovery in Hemingways In Our Time Essays -- In Our Time

Nick's Self-Discovery in Hemingway's In Our Time The focus of this essay will be to analyze Nick's transition as he moves from mental isolation, to physical isolation, to maturation and self-discovery. If Nick's life were to be chronologically ordered and analyzed, the stories Indian Camp and The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife would definitely come first. It is these two stories that give us the first insight to what kind of character that Nick really is as a child. Because Nick is only mentioned briefly in the latter story, I think that Indian Camp is more significant in analyzing the portrayal of his character. I suppose the one passage that truly gives insight about the innocence (and ignorance) of Nick at the time was "in the early morning on the lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his father rowing, he felt quite sure that he would never die" (19). I believe that the passage was essentially a reaction to the pregnant woman's husband's suicide. Because that was the topic that arose during the story, I believe that Nick interpreted the situation that "death" was equal to "suicide" and, in believing that he would never commit suicide, ultimately believes that he will, thus, never die. Because of the way that his father explained death, Nick's interpretation of the situation would lead him to believe that he would never die. Thus, this story essentially shows Nick's youthful innocence. The next two stories, The End of Something and The Three-Day Blow, become very significant in analyzing Nick's character is that they essentially show the maturation of thought and philosophy that has taken place since Indian Cam... ...ficance is that they accurately portray the desensitization to life that is experienced by soldiers. The last three stories to deal with Nick's character, Cross Country Snow and Big Two-Hearted River (I and II), essentially portray the aftermath of the war and the toll that it had taken on Nick by changing the way that he both lived and thought. The former depicted Nick's reluctance to leave his newfound life of adventure that he had begun to experience during the war. Big Two-Hearted River essentially is the story about the way that Nick tries to recapture this freedom of lifestyle and exploration. Their significance is that they represent the final path that Nick has taken in his life. He went from mental isolation, to physical isolation, but, in the process, seemed to have found himself. Nick's Self-Discovery in Hemingway's In Our Time Essays -- In Our Time Nick's Self-Discovery in Hemingway's In Our Time The focus of this essay will be to analyze Nick's transition as he moves from mental isolation, to physical isolation, to maturation and self-discovery. If Nick's life were to be chronologically ordered and analyzed, the stories Indian Camp and The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife would definitely come first. It is these two stories that give us the first insight to what kind of character that Nick really is as a child. Because Nick is only mentioned briefly in the latter story, I think that Indian Camp is more significant in analyzing the portrayal of his character. I suppose the one passage that truly gives insight about the innocence (and ignorance) of Nick at the time was "in the early morning on the lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his father rowing, he felt quite sure that he would never die" (19). I believe that the passage was essentially a reaction to the pregnant woman's husband's suicide. Because that was the topic that arose during the story, I believe that Nick interpreted the situation that "death" was equal to "suicide" and, in believing that he would never commit suicide, ultimately believes that he will, thus, never die. Because of the way that his father explained death, Nick's interpretation of the situation would lead him to believe that he would never die. Thus, this story essentially shows Nick's youthful innocence. The next two stories, The End of Something and The Three-Day Blow, become very significant in analyzing Nick's character is that they essentially show the maturation of thought and philosophy that has taken place since Indian Cam... ...ficance is that they accurately portray the desensitization to life that is experienced by soldiers. The last three stories to deal with Nick's character, Cross Country Snow and Big Two-Hearted River (I and II), essentially portray the aftermath of the war and the toll that it had taken on Nick by changing the way that he both lived and thought. The former depicted Nick's reluctance to leave his newfound life of adventure that he had begun to experience during the war. Big Two-Hearted River essentially is the story about the way that Nick tries to recapture this freedom of lifestyle and exploration. Their significance is that they represent the final path that Nick has taken in his life. He went from mental isolation, to physical isolation, but, in the process, seemed to have found himself.

Disorder of Society in Twelfth Night

Your lord does know my mind; I cannot love him; Yet I suppose him virtuous, know him noble, of great estate, of fresh and stainless youth; in voices well divulged, free, learned, and valiant; and in dimension and the shape of nature a gracious person; but yet I cannot love him (Greenbelts, 1. 5. 234-239). † Olivia defies the classic role of women- marriage. A marriage to the count would be most prosperous to her, as she will have the higher status and respect of being a married woman. He is a man most women would love to belong to, and yet, she continually refuses his attempts to win her over.She is a literary foil, In many respects, for the queen, who also refused claims of love and adoration. Olav did not want to be ruled. After the death of her male relations, she found a new sort of freedom In the realization that she could make It on her own. Her social rank allowed her the chance to remain single and maintain a high standard of living. However, her position was not one th at all women could claim for themselves. Single women of the time were the ones who were â€Å"singled† out as witches, and held as suspicious in the event of strange occurrences.Acts of desperation ensue in the maintenance of independence in a world dominated by men. In an attempt to gain the love of Cesarean, who is in reality Viola, Olivia says to him, â€Å"By maidenhood, honor, truth, and everything, I love thee so, that, meager all thy pride, not wit nor reason can my passion hide (3. 1 . 147-149). † She has overstepped the boundaries of being a demure, quietly submissive woman, as she charges forward In her passions. She has thrown all caution to the wind as she sets out to woo the â€Å"man† herself.The role of wooing, traditionally a man's Job, was upset by the forcefulness of this woman. In mom ways she could be considered an early feminist, as she strove to maintain her independence and identity apart from male dominance. She no longer cares what anyo ne may think of her rash display of passions, as she fulfills the typically male stereotypes. Olivia wanted Cesarean because he was, as Viola had put it, her â€Å"servant. † Cesarean was not above her in any way. Olivia saw he was different, as he didn't pine after her for her beauty, as others did.He was young and entertaining to her way of life, and desire for freedom. Fear can cause one to question his personal decisions. When faced with the supposed wrath of Sir Andrew, and his sword, Viola said, â€Å"l shall be much bound to you fort; I am one that had rather go with sir priest than sir knight; I care not who knows so much of my mettle (3. 4. 247-249). † Viola upended her role as a man by giving up the idea of valor and courage. She showed weakness In her society, where men are praised for courage and strength, all marks of manliness.In her desire for peace rather than turmoil and triumph, she adheres to her being one or the other, but wavers in her ways. She do es not feel a need to prove herself in any way that would needlessly place her in the face of danger. In taking on the role of a man, she has failed in respect of living up to the stereotypical male standard of courage. She would rather have revealed herself for who she really was in order to retain her life. And yet, she was not completely devoid of courage, as she was willing to face the uncertainties that could be in the event that she confessed.Cross-dressing in Elizabethan society was taboo. King Henry VIII had established a law that people were to dress within their rank, as in his mind it was the clothes that made the man, which, in Viola's case, the clothes did make the â€Å"man. The act of a woman dressing as a man caused people to question her character. She was often considered to be a prostitute, and when discovered, the sin was punishable with whipping, before she would be locked away in a hospital where she would be forced into hard labor. Even with this thought in m ind, Viola's desire to undergo the change and take on a manly fade won out. O that I served that lady, and might not be delivered to the world till I had made mine own occasion mellow, what my estate is (1. 2. 40-43)! † With her male relations presumably dead, she, as a lower ranking Oman than the Lady Olivia, knew that women had no place in society, and no ability to inherit anything. She was, by law, left destitute. She admired Olive's ability to remain single, even in accepting the ridicule of an intolerant society. Viola represents in many ways, the women followers who worshipped the queen's ability and desire to withstand the pressures of society.Accepted societal norms can lead to intolerance toward new ideas. â€Å"O, she that hath a heart of that fine frame to pay this debt of love but to a brother, how will she love, when the rich golden shaft hath killed the flock of al affections else that live in her; when liver, brain, and heart, these sovereign thrones, are all supplied, and filled her sweet perfections, with one self king (1. 1. 33-39)! † Olivia is considered noble to give up a supposed desire to marry out of love for her deceased brother. These thoughts toward her devotion are in stark contrast to the thoughts toward Elizabeth l.Because Elizabethan passion was to lead her country to peace and maintain the power, she was considered grotesque, as any woman who wielded power would have been. Had Olivia expressed an inclination award power rather than grief, she would likely have been received in a similar manner. Yet because she attributed her desire for singleness to the womanly traits of devotion and love, and in the same manner, grief, she was considered the epitome of womanly graces. Her true desire was, however, to maintain a sense of self beyond the dependence on a lording male figure.Shakespeare seems to be praising Elizabethan desire for chastity in the same way that the count praises Olive's love, as everything she felt was b rought under the power of a single passion. Extremist attitudes attempt to permeate the high social ranks in order to gain ground. Maillot portrays the classic image of a Puritan. As Olive's servant, he dreams of greatness, and wants nothing else than to marry his mistress. The notion is in itself absurd, as there are societal norms that would prevent such an unfortunate marriage.Although social mobility was beginning to take place, there was still a division among the classes. It would have been quite out of place for a woman of Olive's status to marry one so far beneath her. Yet, imagining how it would be between him and her uncle, Sir Toby thus, quenching my familiar smile with an austere regard of control You must amend your drunkenness (2. 5. 9-60, 66). † The puritan church was considered quite prudish by many. Its legalism and disregard for all things not solemn caused such things as the closing of the theaters in London in 1596.Maillot's desire to gain the admiration of Olivia correlates to the desire by the Puritan leaders to gain the admiration of the nobility. In this way they hoped to gain control and wield their influence over society, including the aristocracy. For if it was on an equal level within the hierarchy, it could not be so easily disregarded as the Catholic Church had been at times, such as when Henry VIII proclaimed himself head of the church. The upset in the social hierarchy led to Million being deemed insane for thinking that he could reach these ends.The supposed order of hierarchy can be upset through logic. Mourning the death of her brother, Olivia finds herself in a mental headlock with Fest the Fool. â€Å"Take the fool away†¦ Do not hear, fellows? Take away the lady (1 Fest has challenged the respected status of the aristocracy, by turning the tables and claiming Olivia is the fool. In this way he has placed himself above her, taking on the role of wisdom that was reserved for the educated church and nobility. He ha s essentially placed her at the bottom of the hierarchy, as a commoner unable to reason for herself.This upheaval to the order of societal norms takes place in a caravansaries pageant. Caravansaries behavior usually ensued before an ordained church holiday from a desire to break out of the cloister of decency expected in daily living and therefore breach the social barriers. Mockery of religion and the nobility took place through costume, lewdness, and focus on the negative aspects of human behavior. Such behavior was protected under the realm of carnival, Just as the fool's behavior, at times disrespectful, was deemed appropriate under the safety of his title.This attack on Olive's wisdom proves to be truer than when it was first made, as she meets and falls for a woman, thinking her to be a man, and thus completing the idea that she is a fool. Titles are futile unless they are backed by the support of an equal mind. Not understanding the meaning of Sir Taboo's words, Sir Andrew ig norantly says, â€Å"Nay, by my troth, I know not; but I know, to be up late is to be up late (3. 2. 4-5). † Andrew is an unlikely knight. He acquired the title, and yet, he does not live p to it in the traditional sense of knighthood, nor does he abide by any codes.He himself said that he dislikes policy (3. 2. 27). A knight, as part of the aristocracy, was groomed and educated to high standards, expected to fulfill his destiny in the circles of nobility. Andrew bears no marks of fine-breeding, groveling in the shadow of Sir Toby Belch, a poor specimen to hold as nobility. The notion of entropy plays into this tale of a society dominated by age old ideals, yet attacked by passions, brains, and whims. The idea claims that a closed system left to itself will become more chaotic as time passes.Interestingly enough, Shakespearean setting of Lariat is, in itself, a closed system, cut off from reality by the sea, and further isolated from life by the fact that it was a fictitious place. Viola's deception was but a single act, caused by the disorder and unbalance of the sea, and in effect, the unfairness of life. It leads to more confusion as the story unfolds, until a body finally steps in and puts a stop to it. The chaos and disorder of accepted norms and modes of life creates a dysfunctional world where nothing is as it seems. Things thought to be good in lose their value and Belch for example.By doing this Shakespeare was making a statement that the high- born are, in reality, not so different from anyone else. They have the same tendencies, minds, and underneath the titles and finery, is essentially, the same man. Order is but a fade for Shakespeare, who had seen it upturned in a second through the Reformation, disease, wars, hunger, and difficulties of life. He had seen both parts of life, the low classes, and also experienced the life of a gentleman. He could relate to various aspects of life, which was in itself an effect of disorder, as the Elizabeth an ideal was to maintain a static class structure and avoid social mobility.

Film Analysis: “Elizabeth: the Golden Age” Essay

Queen Elizabeth I was one of the most memorable, most discussed and most written about monarch not only in England, but in Western history (Dobson and Watson 2; Rozett 103). She was the only monarch that historians attributed an entire era of English history after. The film â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age† is an example of the Queen’s popularity in literature. Although much of the film had accurately depicted the life of the Queen as to the reason why the Elizabethan period of England was synonymous to the period of peace and prosperity, there were a number of discrepancies between the information shown in the film against data retrieved from historical records. This paper would be presenting these discrepancies as well as an insight on Queen Elizabeth I’s view towards marriage and psychological profile. The film â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age† was set in the year 1565, when Spain was considered as the most powerful Empire in Western history and was under the rule of King Philip II. In order to achieve his goal to spread the Catholic faith across Europe, Philip II began what he considered as a holy war. This war had allowed him to conquer all the European countries, except for England which was still under the rule of a Protestant Queen, Elizabeth I. Although not directly stated, the film implied that it was in the year 1585 that Philip II decided it was time to purify England from the clutches of the devil ruled by a whore (â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age†). The film depicted King Philip II clearly as someone who extremely despised Queen Elizabeth I in her entirety. However, Campion and Holleran stated that when Queen Elizabeth I ascended the throne in 1558, King Philip II in fact proposed marriage to the Queen. Although she politely declined is marriage proposal, she accepted the advice and protection that King Philip II offered to her (2). Meanwhile, in a meeting with her political advisers, Queen Elizabeth I was warned that her country was now divided by religion. Half of the country was now practicing the Catholic faith with the other half practicing the Protestant faith. They recommended to the Queen that measures must be taken against the English Catholics. This was because her advisers saw the English followers of the Catholic faith as a threat to Elizabeth I’s reign because of two reasons. The first was that since they were practicing the Catholic, this meant that they had allied themselves with both the Pope and the kingdom of Spain, who has been considered in the film as England’s greatest enemy. The second was that the Catholics no longer recognized Elizabeth I as their ruler. Rather, their loyalty had shifted to Mary Stuart, the Queen’s cousin and whom they regarded as the rightful Queen-in-waiting. Queen Elizabeth I responded to her advisers that she would not punish her people because of their religious beliefs and assured them that she had been told that the people still revered her as their Queen (â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age†). The division in England, brought about by religious beliefs, had been a problem that did not occur during Queen Elizabeth I’s reign. Instead, this division was an issue that the Queen inherited from her predecessors, Mary Tudor and her father, Henry VIII. According to historical records, Henry VIII rejected the papal authority in 1534 and assumed the title of Supreme Head of the National Church. With the ascension of Mary Tudor to the throne in 1553, she sought to reconcile the English Church with the Church of Rome. Initially, Elizabeth I was considered to be moderate when it came to religious affairs since she was more concerned in keeping her throne, maintaining the peace and the promotion of the prosperity of England. Furthermore, Elizabeth I herself accepted three different religions during her lifetime: Anglo-Catholic, Catholic, and Protestant. This was why she did not see the English Catholics as a threat and refrained herself from imposing severe punishments. She did, however, encouraged religious uniformity by setting an example. She had also pressured her subjects to abandon their resistance to the established Church of England (Campion and Holleran 11-14; Cole 2; Taylor-Smither 63). Sir Francis Walsingham revealed to Queen Elizabeth I in the film that an assassination plot called the â€Å"Enterprise of England† was discovered masterminded by the Spanish monarchy. The plot included two armies were situated along the coasts of Sussex and Norfolk. They were waiting for the order to assist Mary Stuart to assassinate Elizabeth I and to put Mary Stuart on the throne of England. When she learned about the assassination attempt, Queen Elizabeth I confronted the ambassadors of Philip II to England. This caused the ambassadors to end their office in disgrace and to view her as the center of an international Protestant conspiracy inciting a rebellion both in the Netherlands and in France (Doran â€Å"Elizabeth I and Foreign Policy, 1558-1603† 8; â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age†). Upon the discovery of the assassination plot, Mary Stuart had given the order to execute the assassination plot on the Queen. While she was in church, one of the supporters of the Enterprise of England managed to get through the guards at the front of the church and tried to kill the Queen with the use of a pistol. However, the pistol used was unarmed, and the Queen survived the assassination attempt. The assassin and the other members of the Enterprise of England were captured, imprisoned and tortured. Later, Sir Walsingham then confronted Mary Stuart with regards to the assassination attempt on the Queen and her involvement to the plot. She was then presented the orders she had given out to the members of the Enterprise of England to proceed with the assassination of the Queen. Mary Stuart was tried for treason and was executed by beheading. It was only after the execution of Mary Stuart that Sir Walsingham realized the true intention of Spain. Through the execution of Mary Stuart who was both a Catholic and an ally of Spain, England provided Philip II a reason to wage war against England (â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age†). Although this served as the climax of the entire film, it also contained the most of the discrepancies on historical documents and records except for Mary Stuart’s involvement in the assassination attempt on the life of Queen Elizabeth I. This did not come as a surprise since there have been numerous documents and literary works where the events of the life of Queen Elizabeth I were re-arranged. An example of this was the biography made by Sir Walter Scott entitled Kenilworth where he changed the events so that Amy Robsart, the first wife of Robert Dudley which occurred in 1560 would coincide with the entertainment spectacle at Kenilworth which occurred in 1575 (Rozett 104). Mary Stuart, who was also known in history as Mary, Queen of Scots, became the Queen of Scotland after her birth in 1542. She married the Dauphin of France and became the Queen of France when he ascended the throne in 1559. Her reign as Queen of France was only short-lived, since her husband died a year later his ascent to the throne. She then returned to Scotland to assume her place as the Queen of Scots upon the death of her mother. Her succeeding marriages were met with such scandal. Of these marriages, the most scandalous was her marriage to the Earl of Bothwell, who had been considered as the alleged murderer of her second husband. Her marriage to the Earl of Bothwell resulted to a national uprising where she was defeated in 1567. She was then forced to sign a document on the threat of death to abdicate her throne and title of the Queen of Scotland. She tried to regain her title by raising another army which was also defeated. She then sought protection on her life in England and her cousin, Elizabeth I. Outraged by the actions done by the Scottish lords against her cousin, Elizabeth I protected her cousin and detained her as a prisoner (Campion and Holleran 2-3; Perry 145-46). Since the death of Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I’s ascension to the English throne, Mary Stuart had expressed publicly her legitimate claim to the English throne since her mother was the eldest sister of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I’s father. Even though she was a prisoner in England, she remained to be a threat to Elizabeth I. When reports were brought to Queen Elizabeth I’s attention that her cousin was involved in assassination plots against her, Parliament moved for Mary Stuart’s execution. Initially, Elizabeth I did not consider this option since there was no evidence that proved the allegations against Mary Stuart. That all changed upon when Sir Francis Walsingham discovered the assassination plot against the Queen called the Babington plot. To gather evidence regarding the involvement of Mary Stuart on the plot, he ordered Mary Stuart to be moved to a house where she could be more closely monitored and appointed a new jailer who was less sympathetic to Mary Stuart. Soon, Mary Stuart began to receive news from Europe which were smuggled to her through waterproof packages inserted in the bungholes of beer kegs. Unknown to Mary Stuart, Sir Walsingham had already intercepted these messages and had managed to decode them before Mary Stuart and her confidantes received them. It was here that Sir Walsingham discovered that the plotters of the assassination of the Queen were headed by a rich and idealistic Catholic squire named Anthony Babington and that there were sixty thousand Spanish and English soldiers ready to rescue Mary upon receiving her approval. She approved the assassination and her rescue in writing. Sir Walsingham presented to Elizabeth I the directions and approval written by Mary Stuart in her own handwriting as evidence and proof of the allegations made against Mary Stuart. After protecting Mary Stuart for nineteen years, Elizabeth I was compelled by law to transfer Mary to Fortheringhay Castle where she was tried and was found guilty on the crime of treason. She was executed by beheading in 1587. The betrayal brought by Mary Stuart to attempt to assassinate her, Elizabeth I’s outlook towards Catholics began to change and saw them as traitors and a threat to her life. This resulted in her implementing sterner laws against Catholics were enforced with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment, torture and death (Campion and Holleran 11-14; Taylor-Smither 63; Thomas 147-48). King Philip II launched his Spanish Armada against England a year after the execution of Mary Stuart. This decision was not influenced by the execution of Mary Stuart. Rather, it was a result of the declining relationship between the two countries. Between the years of 1565 and 1566, many members of the Spanish nobles had demanded Philip II to forego the Spanish Inquisition because they viewed his measures against Protestantism as an attempt to extend Spanish control over the ecclesiastical affairs as a drive to undermine traditional privileges of Spain. This Inquisition was temporarily placed on hold due to the constant threats of the Turks to Spain. The moment the Turks signed a series of treaties with Spain, it gave King Philip II the opportunity to once again pursue his goal to expand Spanish rule over Europe (Doran â€Å"Elizabeth I and Foreign Policy, 1558-1603† 6-10). The relationship between Spain and England had begun to deteriorate as a result of a number of events that had occurred between King Philip II’s courtship to Queen Elizabeth I and the war between Spain and England. Among these events were the voyages of Francis Drake around the world which were secretly supported by Elizabeth I. On top of the products from the New World, Drake also looted the Spanish galleons he came across of which the Queen accepted a portion of when he returned from his journeys in 1580 (Doran â€Å"Elizabeth I and Foreign Policy, 1558-1603† 9). The Spanish Armada greatly outnumbered the English army because the population of England was significantly lower than that of Spain which resulted in fewer able men to be enlisted in the army. Also, the military technology of the English army was far behind than any other European countries and it was impossible for Queen Elizabeth I to maintain an army financially because during the four decades of her reign, most of the financial resources were allotted to the maintenance of the blend of politics, socializing and ceremonies that the Queen accomplished through travels around the kingdom (Cole 1; Doran â€Å"Elizabeth I and Foreign Policy, 1558-1603† 7; Frye 100; Thomas 160). As the Spanish Armada drew near, Elizabeth I gathered her small army and encouraged them with a short oration which is now known as the â€Å"Oration at Tilbury Camp. † This short speech was considered by most writers and historians accepted as one of the best speeches composed by a monarch in England’s history. The most striking line in the speech which was mentioned in the film, although reworded, was â€Å"I [†¦] come to lay down for my god, and for my [kingdom], and for my people, [my] honor and my blood in the dust [†¦] I know I have the body [†¦] of a weak and [feeble] woman, [but] I have the [heart] and [stomach] of a [king], and a [king] of England too [†¦]† (â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age†; Frye 98; Green 424-26). Perhaps what made Queen Elizabeth I such an enigma for many historians and writers was her decision to remain unmarried, which is why she has been referred to in history as â€Å"the Virgin Queen. † Her decision to remain unmarried stretched down to her ladies-in-waiting and her courtiers such that, in order for them to be married, they must first seek the approval of the Queen. Those who married in secret would have to face the fury of the Queen and might even have to face imprisonment. Such was the case in the movie when she lashed out against Bess, her favorite lady-in-waiting and Walter Raleigh when she discovered they had not only married without her consent, but were expecting a child. Although there are no documentation discovered regarding the encounter between Queen Elizabeth I, Walter Raleigh and Bess, there are numerous accounts on the outbursts of anger the Queen exemplified upon the discovery of the secret marriages of the members of her court. The most documented was the incident between Queen Elizabeth I and one of her ladies-in-waiting named Mary Shelton. When Elizabeth I discovered Mary Shelton’s marriage to James Scudamore, she exploded and demanded why Mary Shelton or James Scudamore did not seek her approval before they got married. One eyewitness stated that Mary Shelton was hit profusely by the angered Queen and was attacked by the Queen with a candlestick which caused Mary Shelton’s finger to be broken (Doran â€Å"Monarchy and Matrimony† 5-6; â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age†; Hammer 80-81). Historical records provided two reasons on why Queen Elizabeth I decided to remain unmarried throughout her reign. One is that it was her own decision in order to be able to concentrate all her attention to the affairs of the kingdom. This was evident in the speech that she had made at Parliament in 1559 when the members of Parliament presented her a petition to marry. She responded to this petition by stating that she was already married to her husband, the Kingdom of England. This being the case, she did not see any reason why she should still marry a man. Another reason historical records presented in connection to her choosing to remaining unmarried were her cousin, Mary Stuart and the circumstances surrounding her cousin’s marriage. As mentioned earlier, Mary Stuart’s marriage to her third husband led to a civil uprising in Scotland. After being defeated in the civil uprising, the Scottish lords forced Mary Stuart to abdicate the throne of Scotland and her title as Queen of Scotland. Queen Elizabeth I saw her cousin’s marriage as the primary cause of her cousin’s downfall and feared that should she marry, the same events might happen to her (Doran â€Å"Monarchy and Matrimony† 2; King 30-33; Taylor-Smither 61). Psychologists have also presented studies to explain Queen Elizabeth I’s decision to remain unmarried. Based on their findings, psychologists concluded that Queen Elizabeth I was a damaged human being, based on Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality. This damage occurred during her childhood when she witnessed not only her father, King Henry VIII, accusing her mother, Anne Boylen, of the crime of adultery, but also she witnessed her mother’s execution by beheading after she was tried and found guilty of the crime. This childhood memory affected Queen Elizabeth I’s personality such that she began to embody the traits of males. It also caused her to identify with males in terms of being dominant and exemplifying traits of fearlessness and being aggressive. Because of these personality traits that Queen Elizabeth I adopted and portrayed, it would make it impossible for her to become a wife and a mother because the personality traits that a wife and a mother during this period included being submissive to her husband and to the needs of her children. Psychologists have also noted her uncontrollable and sudden bursts of rage and mood swings. An example of this was seen in the film when she found out that her favorite lady-in-waiting, Bess, not only married Walter Raleigh, but also is expecting a child. This was also evident in historical records when she attacked her lady-in-waiting named Mary Shelton and James Scumadore upon learning that they married without first seeking her approval for their union. These events led modern-day psychologists to conclude that Queen Elizabeth I was suffering from clinical hysteria. This hysteria was brought about by the unconscious anxieties that she was experiencing as a result of her witnessing her mother’s trial and execution as well as by feelings of jealousy. This jealously was exemplified in the film when Queen Elizabeth I confided to Bess that she was envious of Bess because although she was a Queen, there were many things that her lady-in-waiting may enjoy which she, as a Queen, can never experience (Doran â€Å"Monarchy and Matrimony† 5-6; â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age†; Hammer 81). In general, the depiction of the life of Queen Elizabeth I in the film â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age† was acceptable, if not accurate. It showed the two sides of the Queen. On one hand, she was a fearless leader devoted to her country and her duties as Queen that she would rather sacrifice personal joys such as being married in order to concentrate on her obligations to her kingdom. She also proved that, in period where women are considered as inferior to men, a woman did not need a man by her side in order to rule a country. Her experiences during her childhood allowed her to develop important characteristics that a leader during this period must possess – dominance, ruthlessness, aggression and fearlessness. On the other hand, the film also depicted the Queen as an emotionally weak human being. The same childhood experiences that helped her develop her admirable qualities also caused her to become clinically hysterical based on the findings of modern-day psychologists. Her condition caused her to exemplify sudden emotional outbursts of rage which affected the lives of those who served her court with her outbursts at times causing harm to those who have remained loyal to her. However, the re-arrangement done in the film with regards on the timeline and reasons for events to occur may have provided confusing information for the viewers of the film since these events have been re-arranged just as Sir Walter Scott had done centuries before in order to correlate the events presented in the film to each other even if historical records showed otherwise. It can only be assumed that the re-arrangement and changes on the relationship of the events that occurred during the timeline presented in the film may have been done in order for the film to become more exciting to view and to highlight more on the positive qualities of the Queen which made her the most popular monarch of Western history. Works Cited Campion, Edmund and James V. Holleran. A Jesuit Challenge: Edmund Campion’s Debates at the Tower of London in 1581. New York: Fordham University Press, 1999. (4) Cole, Mary Hill. The Portable Queen: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Ceremony. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999. (2) Dobson, Michael and Nicola J. Watson. England’s Elizabeth: an Afterlife in Fame and Fantasy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003. (1) Doran, Susan. Elizabeth I and Foreign Policy, 1558-1603. New York: Routledge, 2000. (4) Doran, Susan. Monarchy and Matrimony: the Courtships of Elizabeth I. New York: Taylor & Francis Routledge, 1996. (3) Elizabeth: the Golden Age. Dir. Shekar Kapur. Perf. Cate Blanchett, Geoffry Rush, Abbie Cornish, and Samantha Morton. 2007. DVD. Universal Studios, 2008. (7) Frye, Susan. â€Å"The Myth of Elizabeth at Tilbury. † Sixteenth Century Journal. 23. 1 (1992): 95- 114. (2) Green, Janet M. â€Å"’I Myself’: Queen Elizabeth I’s Oration at Tilbury Camp. † Sixteenth Century Journal. 28. 2 (1997): 421-45. (1) Hammer, Paul E. J. â€Å"Sex and the Virgin Queen: Aristocratic Concupiscence and the Court of Elizabeth I. † Sixteenth Century Journal. 31. 1 (2000): 77-97. (2) King, John N. â€Å"Queen Elizabeth I: Representations of the Virgin Queen. † Renaissance Quarterly. 43. 1 (1990): 30-74. (1) Perry, Maria. The Word of a Prince: A Life of Elizabeth I from Contemporary Documents. Rochester, NY: Boydell and Brewer Ltd. , 1990. (1) Rozett, Martha Tuck. Constructing a World: Shakespeare England and the New Historical Fiction. Albany, NY: University of New York Press, 2003. (2) Taylor-Smither, Larissa J. â€Å"Elizabeth I: A Psychological Profile. † Sixteenth Century Journal. 15. 1 (1984): 47-72. (3) Thomas, Jane Rush. Behind the Mask: the Life of Queen Elizabeth I. New York: Houghton- Mifflin Trade and Reference, 1998. (2)